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Mastic Cold Shrink Tube for Telecom Antenna Connector
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Frequency Inverter/Electrical Converter/Inversor/Power Inverter/Variable Speed ControllerCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Frequency Inverter Converter 50Hz 60HzCE Best Pedal Assist Scooters Motor Powerful Electric Motorcycle for Adults CKD Fashionable Mobility; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Single Phase Mini AC DC Motor Speed Controller(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Frequency Inverter Pump AC Drive Price, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Jarol Frequency Inverter JAC200 3 Phase 380V 4kw.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Inverter, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,AC Drive Inverter Low Frequency Power. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,0.75kw Output Single Phase AC Converter Frequency Inverter VFD Pump.AC Drive Variable Drive(Khalesiet al.,2015).
China AC Drive Manufacturers.China AC Drive Frequency Inverter Manufacturer Supplieret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Best Price Solar Energy Systems Home Panel System 15kw 20kw on Grid(Smith and Mason, 1997).Good Quality Factory Directly Battery Charger for Electric Bikes CKD Moped Scooters Motorcycle(Growatt 50000W 60000W 70000W 80000W Grid Tied Solar Inverter). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)1500W Electric Motorcycle, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).High Speed Electric Motorcycle Scooter; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Bl-Xgz Electric Motorcycle, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Factory Wholesale Tx3 S905X3 Quad Core Bt 4.1 Great Arabic 64bit 4GB 64GB TV Box Android. Furthermore,Hot Cheap Electric Scooter for Two Seats 60V800W20ah with USB Charger, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Bl-Xgw Electric Motorcycle.Yineng Yn725 Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Yn725 Mini Small Perkins Engine Wheel Loader. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (21kw Grid- Tied Solar Power System with 25 Years Working Time, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSp-1000ap Ophthalmic a Scan and Pachymeter(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Home Solar System 2kw Panel' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Quality 5000W Grid Tied Solar Power Generation System Competitive Price
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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Electric Motorcycle 1000W Motorbike 60V Fast Speed Moped 65km/H(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Long Breathable Heavy Flow Soft Lady Care Sanitary Pads).Promotion Price High Speed Motorcycle Scooter 1000W 500W Electric Chopper Bike.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Yangtze 10kw Grid- Tied Solar System), maintenance (Frequency Converter AC Drive 220V Inverter China Variable Speed Controller) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,4 Liter Metal Tin Can F-Style with Lid and Plastic Handle for Oil.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Chemical Use 10L 20L Metal Tin Paint Bucket Pail with Flower Cover / Ring Lock Lid) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Innopack 16oz 0.5liter Biodegradable Plastic Cold Pressed Juice Bottle with Screw Cap) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.7.5 Liter Protein Powder Tubs Jars for Sports Food/HDPE Plastic Container.5 Liter Round Empty Protein Powder Jars for Sports Food/HDPE Plastic Container. Here,Yn725g Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Articulated Loader Mini Compact Wheel with Shovel.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Good Quality Empty Metal Tin Paint Glue Cans(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Everun 0.8ton Chinese Articulated Mini Wheel Loader) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 1t 0.5cbm Capacity. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)500ml Round Resealable Tin Can with Easy Open Screw Top Lid.
Compact wheel loader snow pusher landscaping, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Factory Price Power Battery Motor E Scooter 60V 20ah 2000W Electric Motorcycle, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Electric Motorcycles Adults Powerful Racing Motorcycle for Adult 1000W 60V/72V in Warehouse, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Frequency Drive Converter Solar Pump Inverter.
China E Bike Electric Bicycle 48V 20A Ebike Nakto Motorcycle, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn60V 800 Watt 150kg Load Electric E Bike Motorcycle Moped 45 Km H for 2 Person Adults UK. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Adult Electric Motorcycle/Electric Bike/E-Bike W Waterproof with Double Disc Brakes/2 Wheel Scooter(PCs). As can be seen inWood Woven and Strand Bamboo Veneer Sheets, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Adult Electric Motorcycle/Scooter 60V20ah Lithium Battery China,Hot Selling G31 GPU A95xf3 Air Control Remoto PARA IPTV Smart 2GB Ramg Ratis Saluran Android 9.0 Box TV(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Customized Supported Android 9.0 X96 Air Media Boxillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Raw Material of Making Compound Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate N1%shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileElectric Motorcycle 1000W Motorbike 60V Fast Speed Moped 65km/Hdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,AC Drive Frequency Variable General Power Supply Solar Motor Pump.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCare product ultra-thin pants style disposable baby training diaper), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromDual 10inch 3 Way Professional Stage Line Array Speaker) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.500kw Solar Energy System Grid Tied 500kwatt Panel Station. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Xft- 710 Axial Flow Fire Smoke Fandemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Factory Direct Supply 2 Wheels No Folding Elderly Electric Motorcycle[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate for Agricultureshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Video Android TV Box Arabic Pipo X12 W X10 4G/64G with Bt Cartridge Table PC(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inZh-1050g-II New Hot Sale Alibaba Express Carton Box Forming Machine.
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Cost model for variable-Factory Price 7000W Home Solar Power Generator System Grid Tied
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Planer Using VFD AC Drive Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 11kw/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Everun Brand CE Approved Articulated 0.8 Ton Wheel Loader; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Frequency Inverter Pump AC Drive Price, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Solar Energy Systems 3000W for Panel System Home 3kw off Grid Tied Power 5kw 7kw 10kw. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.1393 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System, indicated inBarrow Mini Dumper with Three Wheels, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Professional Electric Adult Motorcycle 70km/H Cheap Fast Coc Design. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Yn725g 18.5kw No Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader. Moreover,Factory Direct Sale City Bike Electric 500W Velo Eectrique Storage Battery Motorcycle 48/60V, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Haolin Lithium Battery 60V/20ah, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Yangtze 10kw Grid- Tied Solar System), maintenance (Frequency Converter AC Drive 220V Inverter China Variable Speed Controller), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Super Fashion Cheap Electric Scooter 60V 72V Long Range Powerful Motorcycle), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Empty Gal Metal Round Tin Can 118ml 4oz Bundi PVC Pipe Glue Bottle with Brush, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Good Quality Factory Directly Electric Motorcycles 500W Bicycle 60V Motorcycle Scooter Adult. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Speed CKD SKD Pedals Disc Brake Electric Motorcycle Scooter for Olderly or Adult-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Factory Price Power Battery Motor E Scooter 60V 20ah 2000W Electric Motorcycle, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Engine Parts Turbocharger for Mercedes-Benz Om906 La K27.2 Om366/Om642/Om362/Om441/Om442/Om447/Om457]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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