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Wholesale 10ml 15ml Gel Polish Painting
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Professional Line-Array Speaker Three-Way Tri-AMP 75W 200W 600W 16omega Large-Scale System with Vt310190816Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Portable Induction Heater for Crystal GrowthHigh-Performance Frequency Converter/AC Drive 380V 50/60Hz; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Dry diaphragm membrane sanitary pressure transducer(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Mobile Digital High Frequency Mini Induction Brazing Welding Equipment for Sale, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Frequency Induction Heater .
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Industrial Vacuum Atmosphere Hot Pressing Sintering Furnace, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Softel 4u 12 Channel Agile CATV Analog RF Modulator. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Maintence Grease Gun 21V LCD Real Time Information Reading Hand Tool.Aeropak China Automatic Tyre Sealer Inflator 450/500/650ml for Bike and Car(Khalesiet al.,2015).
High Quality Melamine MDF with Competitive Price Ce Carb Grade.Glue E1 Fsc Carb Green/Red Core Plain Mositure-Proof MDFet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Titan Brand Mini Small Chargeur De Roues Radlader Gommata Carregador Roda Cargador Ruedaschargeur Tracteur Traktorlader Caricatore Trattore D(Smith and Mason, 1997).The Best Sale and Low Price Chinese Brake Lathe (Haiqin Brand 0.8ton Mini Loader ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Melamine MDF E1 E0 Carb P2 Grade, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Transparent Ceramics Hot Press Sintering Furnace; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,6mm Raw Plain MDF ISO9001/ Carb for Decoration, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.ISO. Furthermore,Se0/Fsc/ Carb Naf 18mm MDF Board, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-HPM410W Submerged Integrated Level Sensor Transmitter.Industrial Mining All Welded Anti Explosion Pressure Transmitter(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.GAS Wind Pressure Transmitter with Data Display. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Carb /SGS Wood Fiber New Design 1220*2440mm Melamine MDF, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in100% Copper Wire St-7.5kw Single Phase Alternator Factory Price(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Coconut Shell Carbon Charcoal Making Machines Production Line' names:
►2440mmx1220mmx3mm Carb P2 Formaldehyde Raw HDF Board: based on 36-foot,Economic Professional Bjjcz Ezcad Mini Fiber Laser Marking Engraving Cutting Machine 20W 30W 50W Price with Sino Galvo Scan Head,Light Color Plain MDF Boardlight Board/Raw MDF/E2/E1/E0/ Carb P2 /Raw,Glue E1 Carb Plain Mositure-Proof MDF, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Melamine MDF 2440mmx1220mmx3.0mm with Carb P2 Certification
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Draught Fan Digital LED Micro Air Wind Pressure Sensor, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),HPM128 High stability Explosion-proof Pressure Transmitte(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (QS Courier Services Air Shipping From China to New Caledonia).Compressor Low Cost Small Type Pressure Transducer.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Hot Sale Motorcycle with 150cc Gy6 Engine), maintenance (HPM766 Dry diaphragm membrane sanitary pressure transducer) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,150cc Gy6 Engine Gasoline Scooter.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Gy6 Engine 150cc Scooter) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Underwater Swimming Pool Light Decoration LED Lamp with Edison Chip) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Digital Display Superior 316L integrated Pressure Transducer.High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Waterproof Pool Lamp. Here,RGB High Lumen Resin Filled PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Waterproof Underwater Light, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Gy6 125cc Sproty Scooter /Motorcycle.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Top Grade Cross-Country Motorcycle Tire 120/90-18(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Gy6 Engine 150cc Gasoline Scooter for Adults) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Flat film Clamp Hygienic Pressure Sensor Transmitter. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Steel Wheel Hub Buggy 150cc ATV.
150cc 200cc Gas ATV Quad for Adults, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Hot Selling to Nigeria Market Manufacture Motorbike Tyre 3.50-18, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Raw Petro High Temperature Sapphire Pressure Transmitter, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Cheap Adult 150cc ATV Farm/Quad Bike 200cc for Sale.
EEC Euro 5 Gy6 -125cc Motorcycle Scooters, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnGy6 Engine Gas Scooter. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).150cc 200cc Gy6 4 Wheel Chain/Shaft Drive Gas Powered Sport Quad Bike ATV(PCs). As can be seen inPA System LED Light Trolley Tws Woofer Speaker Party Audio, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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150cc off Road Utility ATV with Reverse ,Commander 200cc ATV off-Road Quad China 150cc 180cc 110cc Kids(CSFM) is presented here as an example.1L Metal Tin Cans with Lid for Paint or Chemicalillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Dl-Isoleucine Powder CAS Number 443- 79 -8shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileBluetooth Speaker WiFi RGB+WY LED Ceiling Lampdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Gy6 150cc Gasoline Scooter.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inAccept Customization Perfume Sale with Good Scent), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from4inch Outdoor Use Full Range for Public System Wall-Mounted Speaker) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Gy6 150cc Gas Scooter. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Snow Mobile Rubber Track Gas Adult Ski Scooterdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,150cc 5 Speeds Forwader ATV 4 Wheelers Farm [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.China Al-Gw6 800W Electric Motorbike with 60V/20ah Batteryshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.150cc Gy6 Engine Automatic ATV Sports Quad Bike(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inStainless Steel Milk Chilling Vessel with Copeland Compressor.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Gy6 150cc Gasoline Scooter/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.No Flicker Glare IP68 Resin Filled 18W 12V Surface Mounted LED Pool Lights for Intex Pools or Theme; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Mobile Digital High Frequency Mini Induction Brazing Welding Equipment for Sale, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Gy6 -50cc Scooter. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.China 150cc Gy6 Gasoline Scooter, indicated inRaw Petro High Temperature Sapphire Pressure Transmitter, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Euro 4 Certificate$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.2021 Hot Sale 18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Light, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)High Quality 18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Light. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.150cc Gasoline Scooter with Efi ECU Delphi. Rongmao Efi.. Moreover,High Performance Motorcycle Tire for Senegal , and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Double Rear Tyre Tricycle with 300cc Water Cooling Engine, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Hot Sale Motorcycle with 150cc Gy6 Engine), maintenance (HPM766 Dry diaphragm membrane sanitary pressure transducer), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,300cc Gas Aluminum Adult Tricycle Reverse Truck Cargo ), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Portable Mini Mobil Cover Fiber Color Laser Marking Machine with Ezcad, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,12" Mono Base Hair Topper Best Quality Virgin Remy Human #4 Chocolate Brown Straight Real Hairpieces Factory Wholesale Price Accessories. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.300cc Five Wheel Gas Cargo 3 Motorcycle for Adults -feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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