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Agrochemical Insecticide King Quenson 95% Tc Lambda Cyhalothrin 2.5% Ec
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Xangshi Factory Newest Casing U8 S905W Internet TV Set Top Android Box 2GB RAM 16GB ROM for WatchingCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.3kw Liquid Cooling UHF Digital TV Transmitter DTVFactory Supply Best Price Fusidine/ Fusidic Acid Powder CAS: 6990-06-3; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.He-1000ap Ophthalmic Ultrasound a Scan Biometer Pachymeter(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,IN-AC5L ICEN WiFi Wireless Linear Ultrasound Probe Scanner, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Sanland 860MHz 34dB Gain CATV Forward Push-Pull Amplifier Module .
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Bi-Directional Transmission Distribution Amplifier SA822, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Encryption Ts Satellite IRD. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Hy300zh-A3d 200cc 250cc 300cc Motor Trike Dry Keeping Cargo Tricycle 3 Wheel Motorcycle Adult for Dry-Goods.Hy300zh-A1 Lifan 300cc Engine Cargo Tricycle Three Wheel Motorcycle Heavy Duty Motocarrro Motor Trike(Khalesiet al.,2015).
2021 Best Sale 150cc Adults 4 Wheeler Petrol Power Racing Quad.Closed Canvas Box 2 Ton Cargo Tricycleet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Solid State Inductive Heating Furnace for Tyre Cord Wire(Smith and Mason, 1997).Sanyou 125cc Efi System with Delivery Box Gas Scooter(PA 10 -35W 5.25'' Sound Ceiling Speaker). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)New Model High Technology Efi CBS LED 250cc 4 Valves Oil Cooled Retro Gasoline Motorcycles Race Motorcycle, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).28dBi Gain 0.6m 5GHz Parabolic Antenna Best Design for Sale; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,250cc Oil Cooling Dirt Bike with EPA, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Sanyou Slg New Efi System 125cc -150cc Gasoline Scooter. Furthermore,250cc Gasoline off Road Motorbike, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-0.6m 5GHz Parabolic Antenna with Gain 28dBi.Wholesale 90cc 110cc 125cc 150cc off Road Gasoline Go Cart(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.150cc 200cc 250cc ATV Quad Bike for Adults. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (4 Stroke Buggy 150cc ATV, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inAluminum Speaker Box for 3" Column (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Pool Lamp with Ce RoHS' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Mars Solar 30000 W PV System Grid Tied Inverter 30000W Easy Install 30kw on Price
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,5 Wheels Gasoline Cargo Tricycle with Front Cabin, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),IP68 Waterproof High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Pool Light(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Jingzhi 600 Opening Spindle Less Veneer Peeling Machine).Sofar Grid Tied 100kw Inverter 3 Phase 380V 400V 80kw 125kw 136kw on.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (New Mini Willys Jeep Available on 110cc), maintenance (150cc ATV for Adults Lmatv-150hm) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,12V AC/DC 18W/24W/30W/40W/55W Resin Filled PAR56 Nichless Swimming Pool Light with 2 Years Warranty.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (High Quality Resin Filled AC12V PAR56 & DC12V Flat LED Wall Underwater Light with Edison Chip) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (L5s Underground Ming Tyres Smooth Pattern 12.00-24 17.5-25 18.00-25 26.5-25) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.150cc Quad 4WD ATV for Adults.Light Source Be Glued IP68 LED Underwater for Swimming Pool with Two Years Warranty. Here,IP68 Waterproof High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Underwater Pool Light with Edison Chip, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-2021 Selling The Best Quality Cost-Effective Products LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.5kw Grid Tied Solar Inverter Three Phase for Home Use(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-High Quality Solar PV Grid- Tied Inverters) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,2021 Selling The Best Quality Cost-Effective Products LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Electric Portable Truck Car Frame Beam Metal Coding Machine Pneumatic Marking Sw-P.
2 Ton Loader 3 Wheel Cargo Tricycle, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Grid Tied Inverter 3kw, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
5kw Solar PV Kit Power Gird Tied Inverter, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Factory Mining Tyre.
Low Frequency Solar Inverter Hybrid Mode Grid- Tied and Store Power, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn150cc Front Cabin Cargo Tricycle. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).OTR G2 Grader Tubeless Tyre 17.5-25(PCs). As can be seen inJwell Raincoat TPU Film Extrusion Machine, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Customized Modern Design Metal Oil Tin Can 1L Empty Storage Container,E3/L3 Pattern Bias Loader Radical Pneumatic Solid Grader OTR Tyre (CSFM) is presented here as an example.Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets/Resin Equivalent with Tr90 for Glasses Frameillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Power Amplifiers PA Speaker System Amplifier 1000 Wattshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileDual 10inch PA Audio Line Array Speaker Box Systemdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Pneumtic Forklift Tyre/Industrial Tyre/NHS Tyre .
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inOEM Rambler 30oz Vacuum Insulated Yetis Tumbler Chinayetiprice Custom Logo), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromMetronome and Tuner) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25 26.5-25 29.5-25 OTR Tire for Loaders. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.50cc EEC Motorcycle Scooter Efi Mopeddemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,20.5-25/29.5-25/23.5-25/14.00-24/7.50-16 New E-3/L-3 Loader OTR Bias Tyre[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.EEC Euro 5 Gy6 -125cc Motorcycle Scootersshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lights(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in1000kVA/800kw Power Generator Diesel Engine Silent Genset Set for Hospital with Coc.
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Cost model for variable-China Electric Tricycle 350W 500W 800W for Adult
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Llantas High Quality L5 OTR Tyre 26.5-25/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.1L Empty Round Brake Fluid Can Boxes; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,IN-AC5L ICEN WiFi Wireless Linear Ultrasound Probe Scanner, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Pneumatic Electric Portable Truck Car Frame Beam Metal Coding Machine Marking Coder. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Motor King Rear Double Axle Tricycle for Heavy Loader, indicated in6-Cylinder Diesel Engine Water Coolant for Electric Generator Set, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Pneumatic Frame Number Marking Machine Metal Cutting Plotter Plate Beam Coding$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.1L Custom Metal Round Tin Cans Box Packaging for Glue Coating Slovent, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)1L /1000ml Extra Virgin Olive Oil Metal Can. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.1L Olive Oil Can Cooking Empty Tin Can/Pot Metal. Moreover,Heavy Loader 5wheel Cargo Tricycle with Cabin, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (High Precision and Fast Speed Nonmetal CO2 Laser Marking Machine, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (New Mini Willys Jeep Available on 110cc), maintenance (150cc ATV for Adults Lmatv-150hm), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Motor Cargo Tricycle for 2-3ton Loader), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.1L Empty Round Tin Can with Plastic Lid Manufacturer, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,1L Extra Virgin Olive Oil Metal Can with Cover. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Solar & Mains 3840wh 80A 220V Outlet Battery for Appliances with Rated Power Under 1500W-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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