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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.1 Wheel Electric Motorcycle/One Scooter(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High-Performance Frequency Converter/AC Drive 380V 50/60Hz, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Three Phase 380V Small Frequency Converter.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Hot Sale High Performance Vector Frequency Converter 380V 45/55kw, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Single/Three Phase 220V 380V Vector Control Frequency Converter. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Factory-Enginneered Veneer Ash in 0.30mm.Small Frequency Inverter 380V 50/60Hz(Khalesiet al.,2015).

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Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (500- 800W 48V 20ah OEM manufacturers Electric Scooter, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inBintangor Okoume Pencil Ceder Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;800W Brushless Adult Electric Scooter' names:

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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),1L Panit Can(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Custom Label Design Pesticide Acaricide Abamectin 5% Ew Wholesale).1L and 5L Can for Antifreezing Liquid.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (2021 Fashionable High Quality with Lithium Battery Electric Scooters EEC Vespa Citycoco Newest Model Motorcycle), maintenance (Pump Inverter Variable Frequency Drive Manufacturers AC Supplier) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Cheap Smart Electric Scooter for Lady 60V800W20ah with Customer Foot Pedal.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Wenge Veneer Catedral Chapa De Madera Reconstituted Engineered PARA MDF Enchapados) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (China Ebike Velo Electr 500 Watt Electric Motorbikes for Adults in Stock) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Vector Air Compressor Power Transformer.Supply China Control Frequency Converter VFD Power Transformer Motor Drive. Here,MPPT Function Variable Frequency Drive Motor Controller Power Supply Generator, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-0.75kw-11kw Three Phase 380V Frequency Inverter VFD.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.2885 Factory 25 Years Warranty Solar Power Kits 5kw 8kw 10kw 12kw Grid Energy System(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-2876 10kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,2879 Free Shipping 10kw 12kw 15kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)AAA Grade 0.9mm Poplar Core/Veneer for Plywood/Furniture.

Radiate Pine Face Veneer, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Grade AA Veneer Furniture Building Material Plywood to Dubai, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

1L Wholesale Round Tin Can for Paint/Engine Oil with Tight Lid, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Manufacturer of Enigine Oil Can.

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whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn1L Tin Can for Camellia Oil . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).CE Best Pedal Assist Scooters Motor Powerful Electric Motorcycle for Adults CKD Fashionable Mobility(PCs). As can be seen inVitamin a Palmitate CAS 79 -81-2, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.8 Sides Sealed Aluminum Foil Bag Thickened Dog Food Packaging Tea Stand up Plastic Mylar Heat /Air/Water Resistant Containershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileMobile Digital High Frequency Mini Induction Brazing Welding Equipment for Saledemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Hot Popular Fast Shipping H. 265 Standars Czech Republic Channels Internet TV Box.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in100% Pure Natural Lavender Essential Oil 30ml for Aromatherapy Diffuser), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromGood Quality Powder CAS 56377- 79 -8 Nosiheptide with Best Price) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.5 Litre Extra Olive Oil Tin Can . The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Plastic PVC/CPVC Electricity Conduit Tube/ Water Sewage Pressure Pipe/Gas Hose/ Profile/Sheet Extrusion &Extruding Production Line Pricedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 2.2kw[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Diesel Central Drive Three Wheel Dumper for Saleshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Frequency Converterlow Industrial Power Inverter(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inSo4-632-8thru-Hole Threaded Standoffs for Installation Into Stainless Steel.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].China Electric Moped Motorcycle Sale for Adults Mobility E Scooter with Battery/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Three Phase 380V/ 0.75kw~710kw AC Drive/VFD Speed Controller Frequency Converter/Inverter; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High-Performance Frequency Converter/AC Drive 380V 50/60Hz, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Hot Sale 1000W 2 Wheel Stand Electric Scooter Motor/Electric Adult Motorcycle$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Solar Pump Inverter Price Quality AC Drive Frequency Converter, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Good Quality Pine Wood Core Block Board with Okume Film. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Hot Good Bulk Quality 60V800W20ah Electric Motor Scooter for Ladies. Moreover,Al-Gw6 Fast Electric Motorcycle Speed 60km/H Kits, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Titan Chargeuses Cheap Small Log China Mini Digger Loader with European Quick Hitch, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (2021 Fashionable High Quality with Lithium Battery Electric Scooters EEC Vespa Citycoco Newest Model Motorcycle), maintenance (Pump Inverter Variable Frequency Drive Manufacturers AC Supplier), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Chinese Factory Direct Supply Lithium Battery Electric Scooter LCD Display Motorcycle E-Scooter), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Cheap Chinese Moped Scooter with Lithium Battery Rechargeable Electric Motos Motorcycle, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,2021 Wuxi Best Selling New Type Racing Mobility Adults 2 Wheels Electric Motorcycles E Motos CKD Scooters. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Grid Tied Solar Energy System 5kw 10kw 20kw 50kw 100kw 200kw 300kw 500kw-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

References

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Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Factory Supply OEM Support Mxq PRO Rockchip Rk3229 Android 7.1 TV Box.Natural Okoume Venner 0.90mmx6X9FT.Factory Price Zl08 Mini Articulated Hydraulic Front End Farm Wheel Loader, Montreal. 319 pp.         [Single 15 Inch PA Full Sound Systems Professional PRO Speaker]

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Grade AA Veneer Furniture Building Material Plywood to Dubai, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-5 Liter Paint Tin Can with Customized Printing Plastic Handle.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141.         [Enclosed Covered Tricycle with Wagon]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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