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Disposable Nonwoven 1ply Paper Face Mask
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Mini Handle Electric DOT Peen Marking MachineCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Yn725g Approved Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader Yn725U Shape Chesterfield Sofa; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Er08 New CE Approved Small Shovel Loader(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Everun Brand New Generation CE Approved Er408 0.8ton Mini Front End Wheel Loader, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader Yn725g.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
0.8 Ton Mini Front Loader Wl80 Shovel for Garden/Farm, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Low Frequency Inverter AC Drive. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Frequency Inverter Converter 50Hz 60Hz.Single Phase Mini AC DC Motor Speed Controller(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Frequency Inverter Pump AC Drive Price.Jarol Frequency Inverter JAC200 3 Phase 380V 4kwet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Medical Equipment Portable Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer(Smith and Mason, 1997).Inverter(Cable TV Pendoo X99 Max Rk3399 4G 32g Android 7.1 Internet Smart Box with HD Satellite Receiver). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)AC Drive Inverter Low Frequency Power, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).0.75kw Output Single Phase AC Converter Frequency Inverter VFD Pump; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,AC Drive Variable Drive, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.China AC Drive Manufacturers. Furthermore,China AC Drive Frequency Inverter Manufacturer Supplier, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Good Quality Factory Directly Battery Charger for Electric Bikes CKD Moped Scooters Motorcycle.1500W Electric Motorcycle(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.High Speed Electric Motorcycle Scooter. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Bl-Xgz Electric Motorcycle, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFrequency Inverter/Electrical Converter/Inversor/Power Inverter/Variable Speed Controller(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Factory Wholesale Tx3 S905X3 Quad Core Bt 4.1 Great Arabic 64bit 4GB 64GB TV Box Android' names:
►Hot Cheap Electric Scooter for Two Seats 60V800W20ah with USB Charger: based on 36-foot,Bl-Xgw Electric Motorcycle,Yineng Yn725 Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin,Yn725 Mini Small Perkins Engine Wheel Loader, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,21kw Grid- Tied Solar Power System with 25 Years Working Time
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Home Solar System 2kw Panel, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Morel Free Shipping 10kw on Grid Tied PV Solar System Home Use for Lighting Heating Air Conditioner(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (China Manufacturer Office Furniture Simple Student Meeting Training Table).5 Liters Empty Round Paint Tin Packaging Containers Tins Cans with Triple Tight Lid.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Factory Supply Customization 10kw Grid Tied Solar System on for Home/Industry/Office Use), maintenance (Mars Solar 350W 360W Panel Complete Power System 30kw Grid Tied Inverter with WiFi for Commercial Use) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,High Quality 5000W Grid Tied Solar Power Generation System Competitive Price.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (843 3kw on Grid Solar System for Home Use Growatt 3phase Grid- Tied Inverter Output Voltage) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Electric Motorcycle 1000W Motorbike 60V Fast Speed Moped 65km/H) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Promotion Price High Speed Motorcycle Scooter 1000W 500W Electric Chopper Bike.Yangtze 10kw Grid- Tied Solar System. Here,Frequency Converter AC Drive 220V Inverter China Variable Speed Controller, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-4 Liter Metal Tin Can F-Style with Lid and Plastic Handle for Oil.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Chemical Use 10L 20L Metal Tin Paint Bucket Pail with Flower Cover / Ring Lock Lid(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Innopack 16oz 0.5liter Biodegradable Plastic Cold Pressed Juice Bottle with Screw Cap) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,7.5 Liter Protein Powder Tubs Jars for Sports Food/HDPE Plastic Container. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)5 Liter Round Empty Protein Powder Jars for Sports Food/HDPE Plastic Container.
Yn725g Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Articulated Loader Mini Compact Wheel with Shovel, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Good Quality Empty Metal Tin Paint Glue Cans, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Everun 0.8ton Chinese Articulated Mini Wheel Loader.
Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 1t 0.5cbm Capacity, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn500ml Round Resealable Tin Can with Easy Open Screw Top Lid. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Compact wheel loader snow pusher landscaping(PCs). As can be seen inGrowatt 50000W 60000W 70000W 80000W Grid Tied Solar Inverter, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Electric Motorcycles Adults Powerful Racing Motorcycle for Adult 1000W 60V/72V in Warehouse,Frequency Drive Converter Solar Pump Inverter(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Solar Energy Storage System 3kwh 5 Kwh 10kwh 48V 100ah 200ah 300ah Batteryillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Wood Woven and Strand Bamboo Veneer Sheetsshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePower Saver for Industrial demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,China E Bike Electric Bicycle 48V 20A Ebike Nakto Motorcycle.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in10oz Porcelain Straight Mug with Decal), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromElectric Motorcycle 1000W Motorbike 60V Fast Speed Moped 65km/H) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Adult Electric Motorcycle/Electric Bike/E-Bike W Waterproof with Double Disc Brakes/2 Wheel Scooter. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Chinese Manufacturers Are Selling Big-Name Cosmetic Additives Nano Liposomal Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantrioldemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,China Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter AC 220V[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Dual 10inch 3 Way Professional Stage Line Array Speakershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Adult Electric Motorcycle/Scooter 60V20ah Lithium Battery China(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inKnitting Wear Ladies Knitted Cardigan with Wool Cashmere Sweaters.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].AC Drive Frequency Variable General Power Supply Solar Motor Pump/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Pipo X8 PRO Win 10 Android 5.1 Z8350 Support Bluetooth 4.0 7 Inch Tablet PC; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Everun Brand New Generation CE Approved Er408 0.8ton Mini Front End Wheel Loader, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Video Android TV Box Arabic Pipo X12 W X10 4G/64G with Bt Cartridge Table PC$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Factory Price 7000W Home Solar Power Generator System Grid Tied, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Planer Using VFD AC Drive Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 11kw. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Everun Brand CE Approved Articulated 0.8 Ton Wheel Loader. Moreover,Solar Energy Systems 3000W for Panel System Home 3kw off Grid Tied Power 5kw 7kw 10kw, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (1393 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Factory Supply Customization 10kw Grid Tied Solar System on for Home/Industry/Office Use), maintenance (Mars Solar 350W 360W Panel Complete Power System 30kw Grid Tied Inverter with WiFi for Commercial Use), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Professional Electric Adult Motorcycle 70km/H Cheap Fast Coc Design. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Yn725g 18.5kw No Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.350ml Brake Fluid Glue Tin Bottle.9L Tight Head Tin Can with Tap for Oilve Oil Ink and Paint.10 Liter Customized Printed Square Metal Fuel Oil Tin Cans for Paint Coating Solvent, Montreal. 319 pp. [OEM Wheels for Kymco Gy6 125cc Scooter Body Parts]
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Articulated Loader Mini Compact Wheel with Shovel, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-High Quality X96 Max Android 9.0 Smart 4K Set Top Set-Top 4GB 64GB Firmware Ott TV Box.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Cheap 20W Fiber Laser Color Metal Marking Marker Machine Price]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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