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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
American Standard Oval Freestanding Thick Rim Bath Tub Made in ChinaCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.HPM128 High stability Explosion-proof Pressure TransmitteQ1 Dual 10'' Line Array System for Indoor Outdoor Stage Performance; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Compressor Low Cost Small Type Pressure Transducer(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Hot Sale Motorcycle with 150cc Gy6 Engine, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.HPM766 Dry diaphragm membrane sanitary pressure transducer.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
150cc Gy6 Engine Gasoline Scooter, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Gy6 Engine 150cc Scooter. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Underwater Swimming Pool Light Decoration LED Lamp with Edison Chip.Digital Display Superior 316L integrated Pressure Transducer(Khalesiet al.,2015).
High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Waterproof Pool Lamp.RGB High Lumen Resin Filled PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Waterproof Underwater Lightet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Converters 220V 380V Variable Frequency Inverter VFD Pump 160 Made in China(Smith and Mason, 1997).Gy6 125cc Sproty Scooter /Motorcycle(Gy6 -50cc Scooter). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Top Grade Cross-Country Motorcycle Tire 120/90-18, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Gy6 Engine 150cc Gasoline Scooter for Adults; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Flat film Clamp Hygienic Pressure Sensor Transmitter, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Steel Wheel Hub Buggy 150cc ATV. Furthermore,150cc 200cc Gas ATV Quad for Adults, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Hot Selling to Nigeria Market Manufacture Motorbike Tyre 3.50-18.Raw Petro High Temperature Sapphire Pressure Transmitter(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Cheap Adult 150cc ATV Farm/Quad Bike 200cc for Sale. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (EEC Euro 5 Gy6 -125cc Motorcycle Scooters, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in1L 2L 5L 10L 100ml 200ml 500ml Wine Glass Bottles(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Gy6 Engine Gas Scooter' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Gy6 150cc Gasoline Scooter
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Zongshen 150cc Cargo Tricycle with Top Cover, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Gy6 150cc Gas Scooter(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (230W 7r Sharpy Beam DMX Moving Head Stage Light).150cc 5 Speeds Forwader ATV 4 Wheelers Farm .
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (150cc Gy6 Engine Automatic ATV Sports Quad Bike), maintenance (Hot Selling Electric Race Vietnam Motorcycle Tire ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Gy6 150cc Gasoline Scooter.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (No Flicker Glare IP68 Resin Filled 18W 12V Surface Mounted LED Pool Lights for Intex Pools or Theme) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Gy6 -50cc Scooter) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.China 150cc Gy6 Gasoline Scooter.Euro 4 Certificate. Here,2021 Hot Sale 18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Light, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-High Quality 18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Light.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.150cc Gasoline Scooter with Efi ECU Delphi. Rongmao Efi.(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-High Performance Motorcycle Tire for Senegal ) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Double Rear Tyre Tricycle with 300cc Water Cooling Engine. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)300cc Gas Aluminum Adult Tricycle Reverse Truck Cargo .
Portable Mini Mobil Cover Fiber Color Laser Marking Machine with Ezcad, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (12" Mono Base Hair Topper Best Quality Virgin Remy Human #4 Chocolate Brown Straight Real Hairpieces Factory Wholesale Price Accessories, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
300cc Five Wheel Gas Cargo 3 Motorcycle for Adults , R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Portable Automatic Ultrasound Bone Analyzer Densitometer.
300cc New Classic Cheap Cargo Tricycle , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnVoomaster Brand Big Diamonds Tread Pattern Motorcycle Tyre 3.00- 17 . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).HD Lace Frontal Human Hair 5X5 Closure Frontals Straight Bundles 613 Blond(PCs). As can be seen inRechargeable Li-ion Battery Pack 36V 10ah Lithium Ion Bottle/Dolphin Ebike 18650, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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6A Grade Indian Beard,Pneumatic Electric Portable Truck Car Frame Beam Metal Coding Machine Marking Coder(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Dimer Acid Based Polyamide Resin for The Epoxy Materialillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Underwater Lightshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePA /Pet/PE/Kraft Laminated Printing Stand up Pouch Food Gradedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,50W LED Bulb Marking.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inFashion Password Lock Anti-Theft Computer Backpack Leisure Travel Bag Large Capacity USB Charging Laptop), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from95dB 150waes Professional Full Range Two-Way Speaker KTV Entertainment Performance Hall with Ks8190902) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Flexible Label Laser Marking Machine for Airbag Warning Labels. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Wenge Veneer Catedral Chapa De Madera Reconstituted Engineered PARA MDF Enchapadosdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,WiFi Wireless Ultrasound Linear Color Doppler USB 192 Elements Probe[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Veterinary Grade Petcare Products Anesthesia Cream Topical Anesthetic Spray137-58-6 USA Warehouse Lidocaineshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Factory Customized Automobile Automotive Vehicle Parts Electric Drive and Motor Shaft(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inRansheng Free Samples Various Colorschameleon Cat Eye Gel Polish.
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Cost model for variable-Original Quality Motorcycle Parts Spark Plug Cap for Gy6 125
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].30W Bird Rings Machine Laser Marker with Rotation Working Table/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Mini Handle Electric DOT Peen Marking Machine; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Hot Sale Motorcycle with 150cc Gy6 Engine, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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USB&WiFi Ultrasound Convex Linear Probe for Ios/Android/Windows Device$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.1L Rectangular Olive Oil Tin 1800ml Packaging with Imported Plastic Spout Guangdong, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)1L Metal Resealable Selable Paint Tin Cans for Glue and Chemical Use. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.4u 16 in 1 Agile CATV RF Modulator Channels. Moreover,Thinner Plain Color 1L Metal Can with Screw Cap, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Customized 1L Round Empty Metal Oil Paint Package Tin/Can Container, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (150cc Gy6 Engine Automatic ATV Sports Quad Bike), maintenance (Hot Selling Electric Race Vietnam Motorcycle Tire ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,HDPE Pesticide Bottle 500ml 1L Foliar Fertilizer Plastic), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Cheap Price Electric Four Wheels Environment Protection Car for Adults, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Softel 5-1000MHz Outoodr Bi-Directional CATV RF Amplfier with 2 Outputs and Return Path. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Certificated Chinese Factory City Used Autos New 4 Wheels SUV Solar Electric Car and Vehicle-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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