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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Perkins Genuine Oil Filter Head CH11579 Fits CH10929 for Engines Generating Sets PartsCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Mini Size Water Differential Pressure Sensor for HVACRGB Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with Two Years Warranty; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Water Transmitter Diffused Silicon Level Sensor for Fluid(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Digital Display Hygienic Pressure Indicator Transmitter, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Stable Universal Pressure Transmitter.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
4-20mA Micro Air Gas Differential Pressure Sensor Transducer, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,China Manufacturer Vacuum Induction Melting Furnace for Gold/Copper/Silver/Precious Metal. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Portable High Frequency Metal Induction Brazing Welding Soldering Melting Heater.Motorcycle Tires/Motorcycle Tyre/Tire 2.50- 17 2.50-18 2.75- 2.75-18(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Black Valve Universal Programmable OE Replacement TPMS Sensor.Mobile Induction Heater for Welding Brazing Meltinget al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 1 Liter Cans for Curing Agent(Smith and Mason, 1997).Fractional RF & Thermal Beauty Machine(Cheap Smart Electric Scooter for Lady 60V800W20ah with Customer Foot Pedal). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Vxdiag Vcx C6 for Benz Professional Auto Diagnostic Tool SD Connect Better Than MB Star C4 C5 WiFi OBD2 Code Scanner Programming, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Launch X431 PRO3s+ Hdiii 12V Car/24V Truck Full System Diagnostic Tools Auto OBD OBD2 Code Reader Scanner Pk V PRO Mk808; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Hot Selling Tires Motorcycle Tyres 110/90- 17, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Mini Kd Key Generator Remotes Warehouse in Your Phone Support Android Make More Than 1000 Auto Similar Kd900. Furthermore,Launch Thinkcar Thinkdiag Full System OBD2 Diagnostic Tool Powerful Than Easydiag with 3 Free Software, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-90/90-21 China Super Cheap Motorcycle Tire/Tyre.110/90-18 Bigbiz Brand Motorcycle Tyre/Tire for Europe Market(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Water Bottles Wrapping Machines Semi Automatic Film Shrink Machine. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Gy6 -80 Motorcycle Parts Starting Motor Gear, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inJalyn Motorcycle Spare Parts Speedometer Assy Fits for Gy6 /Hunter(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Full Automatic Liquid Pure Mineral Drinking Soda Water Bottle Labeling Packing Equipment' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Newest 250cc Farm UTV 200cc Go Kart Buggy with Ce
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,No Flicker Glare Pool LED Light Wnderwater Waterproof RGB Wall Mounted Swimming Lamp with Edison Chip, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Motorcycle Stator Coil/Magneto/Bobina Del Estator/Moto Partes/Repuestos Gy6 8coils(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Summer Wedding Dress for Ladies).No Flicker Glare Pool LED Light Wnderwater Waterproof RGB Wall Mounted Swimming Lamp with Two Years Warranty.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Gy6 /Jog Motorcycle Regulator/Rectifier Parts), maintenance (Yog Spare Parts Accessories Motorcycle Stator Comp Gy6 125) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Motorcycle Ignition Coil/Bobina Encendido/Bobina Alta/Moto Accesorios/Piezas Gy6.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Gy6 /Jog Motorcycle Spare Parts Regulator/Rectifier) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (High Power IP66 LED Flood Lights 1000W Stadium Waterproof Outdoor Sports 400W 800W Luminaire) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.20MHz Medical Crf Machine Deep Wrinkle Removal Beauty Instrument.Motorcycle Spare Part Turn Light for Gy6 -150. Here,Fractional RF & Thermal Machine , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Motorcycle Ignition Coil Bobina Alta Tvs Star Gy6 -125 Cg125.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Good Price Top 20mrf Crf Wrinkle Removal Anti-Aging Device(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-20MHz RF Face Skin Lifting and Tightening Machine) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,20MHz RF Beauty Machine Skin Tightening. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Super 20MHz RF Beauty Machine.
20MHz RF with New Technology for Body Tightening, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Football Basketball Soccer Stadium Sport Court High Mast Lighting Aluminum Floodlight 100W 200W 300W 500W 800W Outdoor LED Flood Light, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
ADSS Body Slimming Beauty Machine , R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Portable Themagic Fractional RF Machine for Skin Tightening.
China Wholesale 110/90-16 High Quality Motorcycle Tyre/Tire, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnPeonylighting 800W High Pole Stadium LED Flood Yard Lamp. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).High Power Outdoor Flood Light for Stadium/ Tennis Court 600W 800W 1000W(PCs). As can be seen in1L Liter Customized Printing Logo Round Glass Water/Beverage/Juice Bottle Glassware Milk Bottle, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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RF Microneedle Thermal Facial Lift Beauty Equipment,Motorcycle Spare Parts High Quality Flasher 6V 12V Gy6 -125 Tvs Star Bajaj Bm150(CSFM) is presented here as an example.150cc 300cc 500cc 650cc 2 Seat Adult Frames Go Kartillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Electric Motorcycle with Competitive Price Good Quality Motorcycle/Sports Motor Bike for Adultsshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileCheap Chinese Moped Scooter with Lithium Battery Rechargeable Electric Motos Motorcycledemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Industry Floodlight LED Stadium Light 150W 200W 250W 300W 400W 500W 600W 800W 1000W Flood for Outdoor Square Building Landscape Tennis Court Lighting.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHot Sale 1000ml/100cl Clear Glass Mason Jar), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from3kwh 150ah Solar Home System Li-ion Battery Factory) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Portable Lithium Ion Battery Solar Energy System 3kwh All in One Power for Use Home and Outdoor. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Smell Proof Waterproof Weed Bag Plastic Food Packaging Child Resistantdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Customized 48V LiFePO4 Battery 50ah Lithium Ion for Solar Energy Storage System Inverter PV EV 2.5kwh 3kwh 5kwh[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Carb P2 Plywood/EPA Plywood /Okoumeshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.150cc 300cc 500cc 650cc 2 Seat Adult Frames Go Kart(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCheap Price Natural Stone Chinese Guangxi White Marble Tile for Flooring/Wall Tiles.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].China 300cc Adult Road Legal 2 Seat Pedal Go Kart/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.3kwh Solar Energy Storage System; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Digital Display Hygienic Pressure Indicator Transmitter, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Factory Direct Wholesale 300- 17 Motorcycle Tire/Tyre$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.ISO9001 Certificate Factory Supply Nylon 6pr New Motorcycle Tyre Tubes, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Handheld Small Portable Digital High Frequency Induction Brazing Machine with Soft Cable. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Mobile Digital High Frequency Mini Induction Brazing Welder for Aluminum Tube Pipe. Moreover,High Quality Radio Frequency Aesthetic Equipment, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (China Good Quality 2.75- 17 Tubeless Motorcycle Tire/Tyre, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Gy6 /Jog Motorcycle Regulator/Rectifier Parts), maintenance (Yog Spare Parts Accessories Motorcycle Stator Comp Gy6 125), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,2.50- 17 ), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Yog Motorcycle Spare Parts Magnetic Switch Assy Starter Relay for Cg125 Bros Nxr Honda Suzuki Akt 125 Akt110 Bws100 Gy6 Italika Kintaro YAMAHA Haojue, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Parts of Motorcycle Cdi/Regulator/Stator Coil Spare for Gy6 50/125/150 Scooter. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Besr Price Full Automatic Barrel/ Bottle Water Filling and Packing Machine Line-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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