GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Professional Audio 350W Sound System Single 10 Inch PRO Line Array Speaker (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Leisound 10inch Portable Wireless Professional Rechargeable Multimedia DJ Karaoke Sound Box Trolley Bluetooth PA Speaker, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.10 Inch High Quality PA Speaker 10tbx100.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

PA Audio System 5" 10 -35W Ceiling Speaker, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Ultra Low Nosie 10 Channles Mixer Mixing Console . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,10''stage professional Audio Speaker H- 10 for Stage.42 Inch Alone Standing Interactive LCD Touch Screen Information Kiosk(Khalesiet al.,2015).

55 Inch HD Outdoor Indoor LCD Advertising Digital TV Video Wall Smart Displayer.Horn Speaker M-776et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Perkins Genuine Oil Filter Head CH11579 Fits CH10929 for Engines Generating Sets Parts(Smith and Mason, 1997).55 Inch Stand Alone Digital Photo Booth LCD Advertising Display(Melamine MDF E1 E0 Carb P2 Grade). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Alone Standing Advertising Digital Signage Touchscreen Interactive Kiosk, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).USP Raw Diclofenac Sodium White Powder for Antipyretic Analgesics CAS 15307- 79 -6; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Wilson Parts Eim Module Engine Interface Control 258 -9753, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Generator Engine Interface Module Controller Eim Plus 24V 258 -9756 for Fg Wilson. Furthermore,24V Engine Interface Controller Module Eim Plus 258 -9756 for Fg Wilson Generator, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Medrogestone Top Quality Low Price 977- 79 -7.Factory Supply High Quality Ademetionine 1(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.China Supplier 1. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Cosmetic Grade CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid Powder, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inS32750 Uns Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;CAS: 79 -44-7 Dimethylcarbamoyl Chloride ' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Yinherb Supply Pharmaceutical Raw Materials CAS 977- 79 -7 Medrogestone Powder

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Quality Tretinoin with Good Price , blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Cosmetic Raw Material CAS 20449- 79 -0 Extract Powder Bee Venom Melittin(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (3ply Medical Mask Disposable Doctors Three Layers of Anti-Droplet Protection for Adults with Ce).Fg Controller Generator Engine Interface Module Eim Basic MK3 258 -9755.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (High Purity Organic Intermediate  1), maintenance (Generator Interface Module Eim Basic 258 -9753 for Fg Wilson Engine) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Wilson Parts Eim Module Engine Interface 258 -9753 2589755 Control.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Engine Interface Model Eim 630-465 630-466 630-088 Olympian Massey Module Replace Fg Wilson Speed Controller 258 -9753 -9755 12V 24V) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Diesel Engine Set Wilson Parts Eim Module Interface C3.3 C4.4 Motorcycle Generator Auto Spare 258 -9753 -9755 12V 24V) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.5kw 10kw Stc Three Phase AC Synchronous 15kw Brush Alternator.Replace Fg Wilson Engine Interface Module Eim Plus Basic 258 -9755 -9753. Here,Engine Controller Model Eim Basic 258 -9756, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Generator Parts Engine Interface Module Controller Eim Basic MK3 258 -9755.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Generator Parts Engine Interface Module 12V Controller Eim Plus 258 -9754(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-100% Copper Wire St Series Single Phase Generator / Alternator ) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,China Supplier 1. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)100% Copper Wire Stc Series Three Phase AC Dynamo/Generator /  Alternator .

Stc-3 3kw Stc-5 5kw Stc-10 10kw Three Phase Alternator, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (24kVA St Series Single Phase Generator , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

20 Days Delivery! 100% Copper Wire Stc-3kw Three Phase Alternator, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,20kVA St Series Single Phase Generator .

PA Audio Sound System Line Array Speaker 10 Inch Neodymium Woofer with Wooden Box., analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn7.5kVA St Series Single Phase Generator . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Wholesale 8inch 10inch 12 Inch 15inch DJ Speakers Professional Stage Audio(PCs). As can be seen inPA12 Natural Resin Transparent Granules Pellets Polyamide Price, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Stc Series Three Phase Dynamo Generator ,China Factory Price CAS 302- 79 -4 Tretinoin / Retinoic Acid Vitamin a Powder(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Srx725 Dual 15" PRO Audio Speaker Boxillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.professional Line-Array Dual12" Three-Way Tri-AMP Ease Features 150W 300W 750W 16 Omega Sound Reinforcement System with Vt312190816shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while5 Liter Tinplate Metal Packing Car Paint Container Engine Oil Tin Candemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Stc Series Three Phase Dynamo Generator .

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inQt3-20 Hydraulic Press Paver Brick Machine Solid Making), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from952 Alicosolar 30kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Glycolic Acid Cosmetic Grade CAS 79 -14-1 /a-Hydroxyacetic. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.5kw Philippines Photovoltaic Offgrid Grid Tied Inverter Solar Power System Homedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,St-10kw/kVA Single Phase Brush Type Electric Generator[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Yangtze Solar Power Grid Tied System Home 5kw 5Kshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Stc-50kw/62.5kVA Three Phase AC Brush Alternator for Diesel Generator(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inNordic Lamp LED Living Room Chandelier Simple Modern Bedroom Pendant.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].100% Copper Wire St-7.5kw Single Phase Alternator Factory Price/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.100% Copper Wire St-5kw Single Phase Brush Generator; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Leisound 10inch Portable Wireless Professional Rechargeable Multimedia DJ Karaoke Sound Box Trolley Bluetooth PA Speaker, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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12inch Stage Monitor Speaker$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.KTV Single 8" Full Range Audio&Sets, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)St-2kw 230V/50Hz Single Phase Brush Alternator for Sale. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Stc-12kw/15kVA Three Phase AC Electric Generator on Sale. Moreover,St 5kw Single Phase AC Electric Alternator Generator, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Wilson Parts Eim Module Engine Interface 258 -9753 2589755 Control, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (High Purity Organic Intermediate  1), maintenance (Generator Interface Module Eim Basic 258 -9753 for Fg Wilson Engine), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,258 -9754 Electric Engine Interface Moudle 12V Eim Basic), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.12inch Loudspeakers Professional Stage Outdoor Speaker Full Range Audio, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Android Digital Signage Intelligent Hand Sanitizer Display. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.55 Inch Outdoor Double-Side LCD Display Self Service Airport Kiosk Touch Screen Multimedia Information-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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