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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.30W Handheld Vin Number Portable Laser Marking on Stainless Steel(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Electric Industrial Induction Heater Manufacture in China for Sale , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.IGBT Induction Heater Heating Equipment for Metal Surface .

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Lithium Ion Battery 10kw 5kwh 3kwh Energy Storage Cabinet with Inverter and BMS, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Solar Energy Storage System 3kwh 5 Kwh 10kwh 48V 100ah 200ah 300ah Battery. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Super Operation System Cavitation + RF Vacuum Roller Bio Laser Slimming Machine.Vin Number Fiber Laser Marking Machine(Khalesiet al.,2015).

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Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (4.5kwp 7.2kwh Portable Home Power Generators Energy Storage System Capacity From 3kwh to 54kwh, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inPLA Color Masterbatch for 3D Printing(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Allsparkpower Intergrated System 3kwh -30kwh off Grid Home Use Solar Power Supply with Inverter' names:

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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),RF Skin Tightening Face Lifting Machine(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Machinery Construction Equipment Qt4-22b Brick Making Machine).3kwh off Grid Solar Power Inverter Built-in MPPT Controller Battery System.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Hot Selling Face Lifting and Slimming Chin Machine), maintenance (110cc 125cc 150cc 200cc Chain Drive Kids Mini Jeep UTV Car) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,RF Vacuum Face Lifting and Slimming Chin Machine.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Gas Ski Adult PRO Electric Start Snow Scooter) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Portable Eiminate Cellulite Jaw Lifting RF Vacuum Apparatus) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Skin Whitening Machine / Fractional RF.20MHz RF Wrinkle Removal. Here,Vacuum Shape Velashape Body Slimming SPA Equipment, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Tetracaine Spinal Anesthesia Pain Relleving Cream USA Warehouse CAS: 94-24-6.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.20MHz Skin Rejuvenation Vacuum RF Lifting Machine(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-China Best Quality 1500cc Amphibious Jet Ski Hot Selling in Europe) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,China Supplier EEC and EPA Approved 1500cc Quadski. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Globalipl Body Face Slimming Fine Jaw Line 20MHz Device.

Chinese Chery 1500cc 4X4 Sport Buggies ATV UTV Quad Scooter, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (4seats 1500cc Kart, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Fangpower 400cc 4seat Side by Dune Buggy UTV, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,China Hot Selling 1500cc Amphibious Watercraft.

Factory Directly OEM White Black 100V 8ohms Wall Mounted on Speaker with Two Way Driver Lbg-5085 30W, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnDiase Professional Speaker Vt-4887 Three Way Dual 8inch Line Array. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Stage Monitor Professional Speaker Multi-Function Hall Fill Loudspeaker All Occasions 450W with M1220(PCs). As can be seen inDisperse Dyestuff Violet S3rl 200% C. I. 63, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Benzyl Benzoate Pharmaceutical Intermediates,Single 15'' Passive/Active Subwoofer with High Quality Plywood(CSFM) is presented here as an example.20MHz Probe Ophthalmology Ultrasound MD-2300Sillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.3kwh Rechargeable Battery Solar Energy Power Systemshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while99% Pain Reliever Local Anesthetic Powder Tetracaine CAS 94-24-6demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Professional Concert Line Array Speaker System Vt4888.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inWaterproof Dustproof Panel Mounted Socket), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHigh Quality Procainamide Hydrochloride 614-39-1) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.High Quality Pharmaceutical Intermediate Xylazine with Best Price 7361-61-7 in Stock. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.3D Stereo Sound Mini Headphone Built in Microphone & Dual Speakers for Phone Callsdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Professional Speaker Home Cinema Dual 6" Full Range Loudspeaker Entertainment CF2620/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Wholesales BMK White Powder Quality Certified CAS: 5413-05-8 New Stock; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Electric Industrial Induction Heater Manufacture in China for Sale , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Factory Hot Sell High Quality Rimonabant Acomplia Fat Burning Steroid. Moreover,Door to Shipping Guaranteed New BMK Powder CAS: 5413-05-8 UK Warehouse, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (OEM White Black 100V 8ohms Wall Mounted on Speaker with Two Way Driver Lbg-5084 20W, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Hot Selling Face Lifting and Slimming Chin Machine), maintenance (110cc 125cc 150cc 200cc Chain Drive Kids Mini Jeep UTV Car), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Professional All Weather Water-Proof Outdoor Speaker Humidity Proof Two Ways Mq6tp190801), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Column Speaker of Empty Alu. Cabinet , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.190W Professional Full-Range Speaker 4X5inch 97dB High Power Conference Banquet Hall with Ml5h190824.Professional All Weather Water-Proof Indoor Outdoor 4inch Speaker.Safe Delivery BMK Glycidate Pmk White Powder Eurore Warehouse CAS: 13605-48-6, Montreal. 319 pp.         [Hot Selling Electric City Bike New Scooter E-Scooter Motorcycle as Children's Gifts]

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4seats 1500cc Kart, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-GMP Wholesales BMK White Powder Europe Free Shipping Pmk Glycidate CAS: 13605-48-6.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141.         [Speaker 2way Double 10inch Full Range High Power Neodymium Speakers Line Array ]

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USBM. 1987.China Hot Sale Banana Ripening Ethephon 90%Tc with Wholesale Price,Qige Supply High Quality Ulipristal Acetate Pharmaceutical Raw Materials CAS 126784-99-4 for Contraception-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp.         [Shenzhen Factory Simple Cabinet Concert Show P3 RGB LED Screen]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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