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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Hot Sale 1000W 2 Wheel Stand Electric Scooter Motor/Electric Adult MotorcycleCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.1L /1000ml Extra Virgin Olive Oil Metal CanAgriculture Fertilizer Nitrogen 21% Ammonium Sulfate China Factory; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.1L Olive Oil Can Cooking Empty Tin Can/Pot Metal(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Heavy Loader 5wheel Cargo Tricycle with Cabin, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Precision and Fast Speed Nonmetal CO2 Laser Marking Machine.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Motor Cargo Tricycle for 2-3ton Loader, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,1L Empty Round Tin Can with Plastic Lid Manufacturer. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,1L Extra Virgin Olive Oil Metal Can with Cover.Solar & Mains 3840wh 80A 220V Outlet Battery for Appliances with Rated Power Under 1500W(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Gy6 -125/ 150ccformaular.Double Chasis Cargo Tricycleet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for DC 1000V Mc4 Cable Connectors (Smith and Mason, 1997).Euro 5 Gy6 -50cc 4t Moped(Stand Alone Tub Small Oval 55 Inch Free Standing Acrylic Bathtub). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Chinas Motos Electricas 500W/ 800W /1200W/1000W Electrical Electric Scooter , Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Water Proof Closed Box Delivery Tricycle; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,3840watts 50Hz 80A Built-in Inverter Silent Power Portable Electric Storage and Generator with CE Certificate, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Barrow Mini Dumper with Three Wheels. Furthermore,3840watts AC Output 80A 50Hz 220V Silent Power Portable Electric Storage and Generator with CE Certificate Built-in Inverter, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Oil Petrol Anti Corrosive Tantalum Diaphragm Pressure Sensor.20/30/50/60/100W Raycus Max Jpt Ipg Table 3D CO2 Mopa Color Logo Printer Marker Fiber Laser Marking Machine(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Gy6 150cc EEC Scooter. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (250W- 800W Handicapped Mobility Scooter for Old People with Basket, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inKomatsu PC270-7 Arm Cyl Ket(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;with Built-in LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A Enjoys 2 Years Warranty' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Water-Proof Cover 3 Wheel Cargo Gasoline Trike
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Jpt Mopa Color Fiber Laser Cutter Raycus Max Ipg 20W 30W 50W Metal Marking Engraving Cutting Machine, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),2021 Most Hot Selling Electric Mope E-Motorcycle 500W- 800W(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Heart Stainless Steel Floating Locket Charm).Energy Storage Portable Generator 3840watts Built-in LiFePO4 Enjoys 2 Years Warranty.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (30W CO2 Touch Screen Laser Marking Coding Engraving Machine), maintenance (with Built-in LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh Enjoys 2 Years Warranty) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Solid State Inductive Heating Furnace for Tyre Cord Wire.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Factory Supply Biomass Rice Husk Charcoal Making Machine) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Hospital Equipment Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer at Best Price) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Ce Approved Ho-100 Eyes Hospital Use Ophthalmic Ultrasound Scanner.Outdoor/Home Use Built-in LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A Enjoys 2 Years Warranty. Here,Low Failure Rate High Efficiency Induction Metal Heating Machine , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Portable Ultrasonic Ophthalmology Ophthalmic a/B Scan.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Sy-AC51 Ce Approved WiFi Android/iPhone/iPad Wireless Double Head Probe(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Camping Power / RV LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A Enjoys 2 Years Warranty) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Hot Sale Mini High Frequency 25kw Induction Heater Price. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Convex Series Probe Type Wireless Mini Ultrasound Scanner.
2ND Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Hot Selling 2ND Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Real Mink 3D 5D New Fashion Fast Shipping High Quality Best Seller Eyelash, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,High Quality Economic Ultrasound a/B Scan for Ophthalmology .
Ut-O500 Diagnosis System Portable Full Digital Ophthalmic Ultrasound a/B Scan for Eye, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnOphthalmic a Scan and Pachymeter Combined Unit. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Ophthalmic Optical Pachymeter & Biometer / a Scan (PCs). As can be seen inWater/Gas-Supply PP PE HDPE Plastic Pipe/Tube Extrusion Making Machine, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Roadside Emergency Set Auto Car Tool Kit,SA831r Outdoor Return Path CATV Trunk Amplifier(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Matte Black Food Packaging Stand-up Pouch Aluminum Foil Bagillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.PRO Audio PA Speaker shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while5L Metal Round Cans for Paint or Chemical Packagingdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,2200 Degree Vacuum Hot Pressing Furnace High-Temperature for Cim.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSlimline 55inch 148mm Thickness Pcap Touch Screen Outdoor Digital Signage), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromThree Phase AC Variable Speed Frequency Converter Fan Motor Pump Controller) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Dry diaphragm membrane sanitary pressure transducer. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.IP68 Waterproof High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Underwater Pool Light with Edison Chipdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Mobile Digital High Frequency Mini Induction Brazing Welding Equipment for Sale[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Double 10 " PA Mobile Multiple Bt Wireless Microphone Trolley LED Party Karaoke Loud Speaker with Multimedia Large Multi-Colored Disco Woofer and Batteryshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.High Frequency Induction Heater (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in9 Feet High Speed Veneer Peeling Machine for Plywood/Veneer Production Line /Wood Cutting.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Softel 4u 12 Channel Agile CATV Analog RF Modulator/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Maintence Grease Gun 21V LCD Real Time Information Reading Hand Tool; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Heavy Loader 5wheel Cargo Tricycle with Cabin, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Glue E1 Fsc Carb Green/Red Core Plain Mositure-Proof MDF$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.The Best Sale and Low Price Chinese Brake Lathe , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Melamine MDF E1 E0 Carb P2 Grade. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Transparent Ceramics Hot Press Sintering Furnace. Moreover,6mm Raw Plain MDF ISO9001/ Carb for Decoration, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (ISO, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (30W CO2 Touch Screen Laser Marking Coding Engraving Machine), maintenance (with Built-in LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh Enjoys 2 Years Warranty), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Se0/Fsc/ Carb Naf 18mm MDF Board), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.HPM410W Submerged Integrated Level Sensor Transmitter, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Industrial Mining All Welded Anti Explosion Pressure Transmitter. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.GAS Wind Pressure Transmitter with Data Display-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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USBM. 1987.150cc 200cc Gas ATV Quad for Adults,Hot Selling to Nigeria Market Manufacture Motorbike Tyre 3.50-18-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Cheap Oxygen Concentrator with Oximeter]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Q1 Dual 10'' Line Array System for Indoor Outdoor Stage PerformanceGy6 -50cc ScooterCorresponding author