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30s/60s/90s Nail Supplies Salon Gel UV Light Lamp for Curing Polish 72W Print Your Brand
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
The Cheapest Top Quality Cheap Plywood Sheet Waterpfoof Prices From China FactoryCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Single 12" Plastic Waterproof SpeakerHigh Polyamide Resin; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.800W VERA 12 Line Array DJ Speaker Cabinet PRO Audio(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Powered Concert Theater High Performance PA System Power Sub Bass, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.2way Indoor Club Party Wedding Line Array 15inch Sound System.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
12 Inch Audio Wireless Professional Portable Rechargeable DJ Bluetooth PA Trolley Speaker with LED Light ED-1201 Wire Microphone 1PCS, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Professional Active Powered Line Array Speaker Mini 5 Inch Audio. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Professional Dual 15" Multi-Purpose Speaker.Single 5inch Active Coaxial Full-Range Speaker PA System Indoor Room with Tx5ca(Khalesiet al.,2015).
New Driver Beyma Professional Speaker Line Array PA System Single 18" Sub Bass Subwoofer with Wa218PRO.Srx725 Dual 15" PRO Audio Speaker Boxet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Best Selling Modern Design Living Room Classic Leather Recliner Massage Chinese Home Furniture(Smith and Mason, 1997).3 in 6 out Digital Signal Processors Professional Audio System Line Array PA with Dp-36(Tetracaina HCl Tetracaine Base Depuracao Segura Mercado 100% Brasileiro). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Professional Audio System Signal 15" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA with Tq15, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Double 12'' Line Array Audio; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Professional Audio Signal 12" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA System with Tq12, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.DJ Stage PRO Audio Indoor Club 15" Line Array Loudspeaker. Furthermore,15'' Waterproof Subwoofer with High Spl Use Indoor and Outdoor, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-USP Level Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%.Stadium Banquet Hall Theater PRO Audio PA Speaker Line Array System(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Benzyl Benzoate Bb 99.95% Bp/USP Grade CAS: 120-51-4. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Top Quality and Best Price for Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inMade in China Solar System 10kw 20kw 30kw 40kw 50kw Energy for Industry(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Bp Grade Benzyl Benzoate 99% Min' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Steel Circle for PA Speaker Parts 16*3h
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,PA Speaker Cabinet Accessories , blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Professional Audio Loudspeaker PA Stage Active Line Array(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Foshan Hot Sale Marble Look Quartz Stone for Kitchen Countertops/ Island).PA Speaker Accessories and Parts .
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (PA System with Rigging Shackle Hardware Parts M25 ), maintenance (New Design Column Speaker 20PCS Driver Unit Professional Coaxial PA System with L16-Ci) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Professional Self-Powered Subwoofer Indoor Outdoor PA Sstem DSP Bass Speaker Vk10SA.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Power Column Speaker PA System) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Speaker Wall Mounting Bracket ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Single 18'' High Power Speaker Subwoofer.Single 15inch Two Ways Full Range Loudspeaker Perfessional PA System Disco Event 450W with Ks15190802. Here,99% High Purity Tiletamine Xylazine Veterinary Anesthetic CAS: 14176-50-2 HCl, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Chinese Top Veterinary Anesthesia Injection Solution Xylazine Hydrochloride Wholesales CAS: 23076-35-9.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Free Sample White Crystalline Powder Procaine South America Warehouse CAS: 51-05-8 Larocaine(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-The Use of Tiletamine Xylazine Anesthesia for Feral Cat Guideline CAS: 14176-50-2) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Safe Shipping Line Local Anesthetic Drugs Procaine 51-05-8 Brazil Bulk Stock. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)67-63-0 Pharmaceutical Intermediates Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa.
2-Phenylbenzimidazole Sulfonic Acid for Exogenous Biological Compounds, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Battery-Powered PA Multimedia USB Radio Speaker Outdoor Use, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Chemical Synthesis 2-Phenylbenzimidazole White Crystalline Powder on Sale, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Active Compact Column PA Speaker Powered Loudspeaker Point Source.
PA Speaker Sound System Dual 8'' Two-Way Line Array, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnWall Amplifier Bluetooth Home Theater Amplifiers Mini with 6'' in Ceiling Speaker Audio Amplificador AMP Bgm Bacground Music Host Wireless Remote Control. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).12"Neodymium Loudspeaker for Line Array Speakers or PA in Professional Audio Equipments(PCs). As can be seen inHigh Speed 258kw 6 Cylinder Industrial Diesel Engine for Electric, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Manufacturers Supply Top Quality Larocaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 94-15-5,Procaine Ester Anesthetic Skin Surface Anesthesia Top Quality HCl Powder(CSFM) is presented here as an example.18W RGB Underwater LED PAR56 Bulb Light for Swimming Pool Lightingillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Allsparkpower 3kw/4.8kwh 3kwh /5kwh/10kwh/20kwh Storage Capacity Backup Power System Solar Supply for Houseshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileVFD Frequency Converter Inverter for Constant Pressure Water Supplydemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,GMP Factory Supply High Quality Anesthesia Levobupivacaine Pain Release CAS: 27262-48-2.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inAluminum Square Reception Desk Office Furniture Conference Meeting Negotiating Table), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromGood Packed Bottle PE Film Shrink Wrapping Machine China) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa for Dehydrating Agent and Cleaning 67-63-0. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Hot Wholesale 1L /2L/3L Laundry Liquid Detergent Bottledemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Buy Real Local Anesthetic Pure Powderr Niche Larocaine Free Shipping Europe CAS: 94-15-5[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.150cc ATV for Adults Lmatv-150hmshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.High Purity Local Anesthetic Larocaine Powder CAS: 94-15-5 UK Hot Sales(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inBusiness Laptop Backpack School Travel.
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Cost model for variable-Safe Delivery High Purity Raw Materials Larocaine USP 42 South American Warehouse
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Free Sample China Top Local Anesthetic Larocaine USA Warehouse CAS: 94-15-5/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Speaker Wall Mount Bracket for PRO Audio Steel 134.8L*90W*160h ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Powered Concert Theater High Performance PA System Power Sub Bass, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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New Professional Coaxial Line Array Column Speaker 20PCS Driver Unit PA System with L16-Ci$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.PA System Single 18" Sub Bass Speaker Low Pitch Subwoofer with Wa118, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Home Theater PA PRO Audio Speaker. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.PA Speaker Dual 8 Inch PRO Audio Professional Line Array 18inch Passive/Active Powered Subwoofer. Moreover,Professional Audio Kara Line Array, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array System PA Speaker, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (PA System with Rigging Shackle Hardware Parts M25 ), maintenance (New Design Column Speaker 20PCS Driver Unit Professional Coaxial PA System with L16-Ci), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Bupivacaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 14252-80-3), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Professional Audio Signal 8" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA System with Tq8, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Fdb Audio Double 6 Inch Line Array Speaker Professional Outdoor PA System. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Best Quality Safe Delivery 1-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.99% Pure Powder Novocaine Procaine Factory Bulk Stock CAS: 51-05-8 Europe Free Sample.Free Sample Local Anesthetic Novocaine Painkiller Cream Solution Procaine CAS: 51-05-8.Pain Release Best Oral Capsules Procaine Pure Raw Materials Novocaine CAS: 51-05-8, Montreal. 265 pp. [L-Pyroglutamic Acid]
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USBM. 1987.Professional Two-Way Speaker 4X6.5inch 100dB 600W Line Array PA Audio System with L7,12nw76D- PA PRO Audio Stage 8 Ohm Speaker 12 Inch Neodymium Woofer 500W 2622HPL Loudspeaker-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [New Style Basketball Logo Sport Medal with Red Enamel Award Top of Honor Recipients]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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