GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Line Array with Accessories for PRO Audio (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Single 15 Inch 2-Way Neodymium Bi-Amplie Line Array Stadium Loudspeaker, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Bulk Supply Veterinary Tranquilizer Tiletamine Xylazine Powder 14176-50-2.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Tg01 1 Inch Silk Dome Tweeter, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Professional Speaker Compective PRO Audio . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Double 12inch Active Coaxial 29kg Line Array Speaker System.Free Shipping 99% Tranquilizer Powder Tiletamine HCl 14176-50-2 NMDA Receptor(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Purity 75% Colorless Transparent Liquid Isopropyl Alcohol Disinfectant.Levamisole HCl Anthelmintic Agent Hydrochloride Raw CAS 16595-80-5et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Made in China Solar System 10kw 20kw 30kw 40kw 50kw Energy for Industry(Smith and Mason, 1997).Safe Delivery Anesthesia Injection Tiletamine Xylazine Pure Powder 14176-50-2(China Best Quality 1500cc Amphibious Jet Ski Hot Selling in Europe). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)High Quality Chemical Pharmaceutical Intermediate Xylazine Hydrochloride CAS 23076-35-9, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).2-Carboxybenzaldehyde/Phthalaldehydic Acid CAS 119-67-5; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Professional Loudspeaker Line Array PRO Audio, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Live Music Sound Line Array System for Acoustic and Electronic Performance. Furthermore,PA System Passive ABS 100V 8ohm 10W Wall Mount Horn Speaker Waterproof for Outdoor Use, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-900watt Amplifier Moudel Borad Chinese Class -D.Mercado Brasil 99.85% Lidocaina HCl Sem Problemas Aduaneiros(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.100% Passing Customs Local Anesthetic Drugs Procaine for Pain Release. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Factory Supply Best Price Fusidine/ Fusidic Acid Powder CAS: 6990-06-3, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHigh Quality Tretinoin 302- 79 -4 with Good Price(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;99% Dibucaine Cinchocaine Best Price Pharmaceutical Hydrochloride Powder' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Free Sample Bulk Stock Procaine South America Warehouse CAS: 51-05-8

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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Chinese Factory for Vitamin a Palmitate 0.25miu Powder(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Tandem Scissor Lift Table / Hydraulic Stationary).Chinese Top Local Anesthetic Exporter Bulk Sales Procaine CAS: 51-05-8.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Top Skin Surface Anesthesia Levobupivacaine Powder Wholesales CAS: 27262-48-2), maintenance (High Quality and Purity Raw Material Supplier Xylazine HCl CAS 23076-35-9 with Best Price) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Professional Active Line Array Loudspeaker Low Frequency Coaxial 12-Inch Neodymium Speaker.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Q1+Q Sub Sound & Light Installation High Performance in Concert Event) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Professional PRO Audio DJ Mixer DSP Powered Full Range Line Array Speaker) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Powerful PRO Audio 2 Way Full Range DSP Powered Line Array Speaker.Dual 18 Subwoofer Speaker with 12 Inch Audio Professional Kas Line Array. Here,Professional Audio Loudspeaker V20 PA Speaker Vtx V25 PRO Line Array S25 G28 Powerful Subwoofer, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Kas 12 Inch Line Array Audio Professional DJ Speakers 18 Subwoofer.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Qg-12-12 Inch Professional Full Range PRO Audio Speaker Box(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Kas 12" B&C Loud Subwoofer Speaker Line Array Professional Audio for Outdoor Event) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,High Power Two-Way Full Range PRO Audio Speaker Box System. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Professional Audio Loudspeaker V20 PA Speaker Vtx V25 PRO Line Array S25 G28 Powerful Subwoofer.

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whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Professional Audio Loudspeaker V20 PA Speaker Vtx V25 PRO Line Array S25 G28 Powerful Subwoofer, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Rental Application Stage Monitor Audio&Sets.

Local Anesthetic Levobupivacaine Powder Brazil Free Sample 27262-48-2, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnTop Quality Cosmetic Raw Material Chlorphenesin CAS 104-29-0  for  Antiseptic. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).White Crystalline Powder Painkiller Levobupivacaine Skin Surface Anesthesia CAS: 27262-48-2(PCs). As can be seen inWrinkle Removal Super RF Beauty Machine, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Top Local Anesthetic Manufacturer Levobupivacaine CAS: 27262-48-2 Wholesales UK,99.9% Levamisole HCl/Levamisole Hydrochloride CAS 16595-80-5 Manufacturer with Enough Stock(CSFM) is presented here as an example.High Efficicency Roof Mounting Grid Tied Home Solar Energy Systemillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.2021 Most Hot Selling Electric Mope E-Motorcycle 500W- 800Wshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while1L Beer Candemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Food Grade Vitamin a Oil Palmitate 1.7million Units. CAS79-81-2.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in10X10 Trade Show Pop up Canopy Tent Advertising for Outdoor), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromSolar Pump Frequency Inverter MPPT Fuction 0.75kw) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Top Local Anesthetic Supplier Marcaine Injection 14252-80-3 Bupivacaine Powder. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Ammonium Polyphosphate APP-II CAS No. 68333- 79 -9demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,High Quality Procainamide Hydrochloride 614-39-1[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Motorcycle Ignition Coil/Bobina Encendido/Bobina Alta/Moto Accesorios/Piezas Gy6shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Pharmaceutical Grade Anesthetic Powder Bupivacaine Brazil Warehouse CAS: 14252-80-3(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCapacity of 5400kgs Wire Rope Puller for Pulling Lifing and Releasing in Any Direction.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Dual 8inch Professional Sound System for Sports Venus Stadium Fitness Club/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Professional Audio Powerful High Compact Line Array Speaker Best Lq10; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Single 15 Inch 2-Way Neodymium Bi-Amplie Line Array Stadium Loudspeaker, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Big Discount 99% Glycocyamine Supply Guanidineacetic Acid 352-97-6$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Guaranteed 99% Sarms Steroids Supplements Mk-677 UK Shipping Free, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)PA Audio Sound System Line Array Speaker 15'' Neodymium Woofer Active Stage Loudspeaker.. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Mixer Power Amplifier with USB. Moreover,Powered Line Array Active Stage Speaker, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (PRO Audio Loudspeaker PA Speaker System Coaxial Compact Line Array, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Top Skin Surface Anesthesia Levobupivacaine Powder Wholesales CAS: 27262-48-2), maintenance (High Quality and Purity Raw Material Supplier Xylazine HCl CAS 23076-35-9 with Best Price), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,PRO Audio Loudspeaker PA Speaker System 12&Rdquor & 15&Rdquor Line Array), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.PA Speaker System SA-212 Professional 12 Inch Karaoke Stage Wood, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Karaoke Speaker System Chinese KTV High Output Compact Box. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Coaxial Speaker TD10-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

References

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Mular, A.L. 1982.Raw Material Benzocaine Powder CAS 94-09-7 Pain Killer Factory.80%-90% Lactic Acid CAS 598-82-3 L-Lactic.PRO Audio PA Speaker , Montreal. 265 pp.         [PA12 Injection / Extrusion Molding Polyamide 12 Nylon Granules]

Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Top Quality Tretinoin Powder  Retinoic Acid for Skin Care.TCP/IP Network Poe 15W Active Wall Mount Speaker Waterproof.PRO Audio PA Speaker , Montreal. 319 pp.         [ISO and SGS Factory Provide L-Arginine Nitrate 749- 79 -33]

Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.High Quality Skin Care Tretinoin Powder with Best Price.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575.         [5GHz 23dBi Enclosure WLAN Antenna]

Noakes, M. and Lanz, T. 1993.Professional Speker System 12 Inch PA Line Array Audio S1210.Brazilian Spanish Market 99%Pure Lidocaine HCl Drugs USP36, Carlton, victoria. 412 pp.         [Cheap Small Electric Scooter Moped 800W Motorcycle]

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Kas 12 3 Way Sound System Line Array PRO Speakers with Subwoofer, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-TCP/IP Network 15W Poe Active Horn Speaker Waterproof Outdoor Use.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141.         [Single 15 Inch High Quality Bass]

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USBM. 1987.99% Proparacaine Hydrochloride / HCl CAS 5875-06-9,Professional Speaker PRO Audio System Compact Line Array PA Lq10-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp.         [Engine Spare Parts Valve Cotter 02108102 for 56D Collet]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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