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1.2 Meter Metal Garage Height Adjustment and Folding Workbench with Tool Cabinet
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
WLAN/WiFi 2X2 Mimo Airx EngineCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.High Power Horn Speaker H3Cosmetic Raw High Purity CAS 79 -81-2 Vitamin a Palmitate Powder; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Horn Speaker L-Acoustics Kudo Line Array+ PA System Array Box(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Levamisole Hydrochloride CAS 16595-80-5 in Stock, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Fast Shipping to Australia Quality 1.4 Butanediol Bdo 110-63-4.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Wireless Professional Rechargeable Portable DJ Karaoke Sound Box Trolley Bluetooth PA Speaker with ED-606, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,2.4GHz Wireless Ceiling Speaker PA System. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,OEM ODM Public DJ PA Wooden Speaker.Double 12" Line Array Speaker(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Feiyang 2X6" Private Battery Bluetooth Speaker Fg206-01.PA Speaker with Single-Point Angles Regulator et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Child Resistant Waterproof Plastic Bag with Zipper(Smith and Mason, 1997).12 Inch Stage Subwoofer Home Theater/DJ Sub PRO Audio(5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarized Enclosure Antenna ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Peq-12A-Active PA Speaker with Class-Ab Mono Amplifier Bluetooth, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Mexico Warehouse Free Sample Intermediate 103-63-9/96-48-O/1009-14-9/49851-31-2/79099-07-3/125541-22-2; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,CAS No.: 67-63-0 Top Quality Dehydrating Agent Ipa 99.9%/ Isopropyl Alcohol Isopropanol 99.9%, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.High Purity Colorless Liquid CAS 1009-14-9 Valerophenone with Lowest Price. Furthermore,Pharmaceutical Intermediate Bulk Price N- , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Cinnamaldehyde CAS 104-55-2 Cinnamic Aldehyde Factory Supply.Einecs No. 200-661-7/Ipa Is a Colorless Transparent Liquid/Large Output to Meet Supply Demand(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Veterinary Medicine Levamisole Hydrochloride CAS 16595-80-5 HCl. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Speaker System High Power H3, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inPlastic Products Pellets Raw Granulesanti-Static Material Yellow Antistatic Masterbatch Customized Home Appliance(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;CAS No.: 67-63-0 Colorless Transparent Liquid Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% Used as Raw Materals in Pharmaceutical' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Lat210A Srx700 Series PA Sound System Professional Speakers
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Professional Public Address Mini Onwall Line Array Speaker , blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Q1--Dual10 Inch Line Array Speaker(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (High Quality Chicken Deboning Machine).12inches PA Speaker Audio Component.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Peq-8A-Active PA Speaker with Class-Ab Mono Amplifier Portable Bluetooth), maintenance (Portable Black Floor Tripod Speaker Stand Adjustable for 12 Inch PA) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Power Amplifiers PA Speaker System Amplifier 1000 Watt.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Wholesales Organic Intermediate 1) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Audio J812 Loudsspeaker Line Array PA System Speaker Plan Three Way Dual 12 Inches PRO Sell) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Live/Installed Sound System PRO Speaker Box .Outdoor Double 6" Full Range Speakers 12" Active Subwoofer Professional Audiomini Live Bands System for Musician PA. Here,Professional Speaker with Laser Light , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-XL-GF15 15-Inch 400W-800W Two-Way Two-Unit Full Frequency Professional Stage Equipment Speaker.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Professional Multifunction Active Stage Speaker Wood Bt with Laser Lights(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-L-812 Dual 12-Inch 2-Way 4-Unit Full Frequency Line Array Speaker) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,100% Safe Arriving Australia GB-B L 1.4 Butanediol Bdo 110-63-4. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)High Purity Levamisole Manufacturer CAS 14769-73-4 with Best Price.
Free Sample Organic Chemicals 1, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (High Quality Phena, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Manufacturer Supply Raw Material Levamisole Powder CAS 14769-73-4, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,18" Fane Style Aluminum Speaker Frame.
18" Die Cast P-Auido Style Aluminum Frame, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnProfessional Stage Active Line Array Speaker with DSP. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Single 18" Subwoofer Speaker Box(PCs). As can be seen in2021 Hot Sale 18W 12V High Power Swimming Pool Lighting Water Proof Lights for, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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12" Professional Rcf Style Speaker Frame,Horn Professional Speaker H3(CSFM) is presented here as an example.24watt IP68 Resin Filled Flat LED Swimming Pool Underwater Lightillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Doypack Resealable Ziplock Black Aluminum Foil Standing up Pouches Food Packaging Bags with Zipper Ca/Hemp Bagshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileAnalgesic Anti-Inflammatory Powder Indometacin Anti-Rheumatism CAS: 53-86-1demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Coaxial Loudspeaker TD12.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in700tvl 27X Optical Zoom Ireless IP Dome Camera), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFactory Price Agricultrue Fertilizer with Caprolactam Grade) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Dual 12" Subwoofer Speaker Box. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Modern Home Living Room Furniture 2-Seat Leisure Sofa for Walmartdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,DV Portable Speaker 12 Inch 1600W Subwoofer Box Audio Professional[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Mountain Using Motorcycle with Strong Steel Tube Frameshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Fast Delivery 1(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inSturdy Custom Printed Shipping Mailer Box.
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Cost model for variable-Professional Speaker Box F12+
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Df B&C Trees Speaker Subwoofer Audio Professional/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.15'' Coaxial Speaker ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Levamisole Hydrochloride CAS 16595-80-5 in Stock, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Customs Guaranteed 1. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.China Factory Supply Ethylmagnesium Bromide CAS 925-90-6, indicated inFat Boy Bean Bag Cover for Sports, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Ltk One 12" Woofers and 3" Driver Compact Coaxial Line Array Speaker$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Manufacturer Supply Bdo Novel Intermediate 1, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Tetracaina HCl Tetracaine Base Depuracao Segura Mercado 100% Brasileiro. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.99% Pain Reliever Local Anesthetic Powder Tetracaine CAS 94-24-6. Moreover,China Factoty Supply Levamisole HCl CAS16595-80-5 Hydrochloride Tetramisole, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (400 Watt Portable Music Player Speaker Professional Audio, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Peq-8A-Active PA Speaker with Class-Ab Mono Amplifier Portable Bluetooth), maintenance (Portable Black Floor Tripod Speaker Stand Adjustable for 12 Inch PA), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Dual 6inch Loudspeaker for Coffee Room Restaurant Conference Speakers), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Dm 15 Inch PA Full Sound Systems Professional PRO Speaker, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,12inch KTV Bar PA Full Sound Speaker System Audio. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Dare Dual 8" Neodymium Active Line Array Set PA System-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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