GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Steel Circle for PA Speaker Parts 16*3h (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,PA Speaker Cabinet Accessories , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Professional Audio Loudspeaker PA Stage Active Line Array.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

PA Speaker Accessories and Parts , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,PA System with Rigging Shackle Hardware Parts M25 . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,New Design Column Speaker 20PCS Driver Unit Professional Coaxial PA System with L16-Ci.Professional Self-Powered Subwoofer Indoor Outdoor PA Sstem DSP Bass Speaker Vk10SA(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Power Column Speaker PA System.Speaker Wall Mounting Bracket et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 200HP(Smith and Mason, 1997).Single 18'' High Power Speaker Subwoofer(Hot Wholesale 1L /2L/3L Laundry Liquid Detergent Bottle). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Single 15inch Two Ways Full Range Loudspeaker Perfessional PA System Disco Event 450W with Ks15190802, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).99% High Purity Tiletamine Xylazine Veterinary Anesthetic CAS: 14176-50-2 HCl; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Chinese Top Veterinary Anesthesia Injection Solution Xylazine Hydrochloride Wholesales CAS: 23076-35-9, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Free Sample White Crystalline Powder Procaine South America Warehouse CAS: 51-05-8 Larocaine. Furthermore,The Use of Tiletamine Xylazine Anesthesia for Feral Cat Guideline CAS: 14176-50-2, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Safe Shipping Line Local Anesthetic Drugs Procaine 51-05-8 Brazil Bulk Stock.67-63-0 Pharmaceutical Intermediates Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.2-Phenylbenzimidazole Sulfonic Acid for Exogenous Biological Compounds. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Battery-Powered PA Multimedia USB Radio Speaker Outdoor Use, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in150cc ATV for Adults Lmatv-150hm(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Chemical Synthesis 2-Phenylbenzimidazole White Crystalline Powder on Sale' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,PRO Audio with Tweeter Horn for Line Array

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Manufacturers Supply Top Quality Larocaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 94-15-5, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Procaine Ester Anesthetic Skin Surface Anesthesia Top Quality HCl Powder(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Ok Compost Home & Industrial Compostable Waterproof Postage Satchel Custom Printed Plastic Shipping Mailer Mailing Garment Poly Bags).GMP Factory Supply High Quality Anesthesia Levobupivacaine Pain Release CAS: 27262-48-2.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Professional Audio Loudspeaker Vt312 Dual 12 Inch Stadium PA Speaker), maintenance (Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa for Dehydrating Agent and Cleaning 67-63-0) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Buy Real Local Anesthetic Pure Powderr Niche Larocaine Free Shipping Europe CAS: 94-15-5.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (High Purity Local Anesthetic Larocaine Powder CAS: 94-15-5 UK Hot Sales) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Safe Delivery High Purity Raw Materials Larocaine USP 42 South American Warehouse) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Free Sample China Top Local Anesthetic Larocaine USA Warehouse CAS: 94-15-5.Speaker Wall Mount Bracket for PRO Audio Steel 134.8L*90W*160h . Here,High Purity Pain Release Powder Larocaine CAS: 94-15-5 UK Free Shipping Hot Sales, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-New Design Source Column Speaker 6X6.5inch B&C Imported Driver Unit PA Line Array Subwoofer with Novi.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.New Professional Coaxial Line Array Column Speaker 20PCS Driver Unit PA System with L16-Ci(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-PA System Single 18" Sub Bass Speaker Low Pitch Subwoofer with Wa118) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Home Theater PA PRO Audio Speaker. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)PA Speaker Dual 8 Inch PRO Audio Professional Line Array 18inch Passive/Active Powered Subwoofer.

Professional Audio Kara Line Array, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array System PA Speaker, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Bupivacaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 14252-80-3, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Professional Audio Signal 8" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA System with Tq8.

Fdb Audio Double 6 Inch Line Array Speaker Professional Outdoor PA System, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnBest Quality Safe Delivery 1. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Cheap Price Speaker Wall Mount Bracket (PCs). As can be seen inCafe Bar Table Wrought Iron Home Living Room Dining, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Buy Prilocaine Hydrochloride Local Anesthetic Powder Factory Wholesales Price CAS: 1786-81-8,Manufacturers Supply (CSFM) is presented here as an example.1-Bromo-3illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.World IPTV M3u Subscription 1 Year for Arabic Netherlands Malta Austria Bulgaria Romania Egypt Croatia Africa 9600 Channels Smart TV Android Appleshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while15-20 Inch Quality Auto Alloy Wheels 4*4 Wheel for Trailerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,High Quality Veterinary Grade USP Furaltadone HCl/ Hydrochloride.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in6W/ 8W /10W/12W/15W/20W/25W/30W Dimmable Epistar COB LED Ceiling Downlight), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHigh Quality Skin Care Tretinoin Powder with Best Price) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Steel Wall Bracket for Speaker with Quick Release Pin . The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.V5.0 Fashion Mini Twins Wireless Bluetooth Earphone with Microphonedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Procaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 51-05-8[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Supply High Quality L-Lactic Acid with CAS 79 -33-4shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.CAS No.: 67-63-0 Senior Quality Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inDeep Body Massage Gun Fitness Cordless 12V/24V.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Free Sample Local Anesthetic Novocaine Painkiller Cream Solution Procaine CAS: 51-05-8/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Pain Release Best Oral Capsules Procaine Pure Raw Materials Novocaine CAS: 51-05-8; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,PA Speaker Cabinet Accessories , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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CAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Benzocaine CAS 94-09-7 Tetracaine HCl Lidocaine Sell 136-47-0, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Melamine Molding Powder for Making Tableware Dishware China. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Professional Self-Powered Active Bass Speaker Subwoofer Single 18inch PA Audio System 800W Vs18s20. Moreover,8X4" Active Column PA Speaker, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Chinese Lidocaine Hydrochloride CAS 73-78-9 HCl, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Professional Audio Loudspeaker Vt312 Dual 12 Inch Stadium PA Speaker), maintenance (Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa for Dehydrating Agent and Cleaning 67-63-0), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Professional Speaker with Hanging Hardware Parts Horizontal ), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.PA Power DJ Audio Speaker, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,PA PRO Audio Stage 8 Ohm Speaker 12 Inch Neodymium Woofer 500W 2622HPL Loudspeaker. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Professional Two-Way Speaker 4X6.5inch 100dB 600W Line Array PA Audio System with L7-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

References

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Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.CAS No.: 67-63-0 Colorless Transparent Liquid Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol.Food Grade L Selenomethionine Powder/L-Selenomethionine.PA Speaker Dual 12 Inch 3-Way PRO Audio Professional Line Array, Montreal. 319 pp.         [WiFi Miracast Dongle Anycast M2 Linux Based Airplay TV Receiver]

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Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array System PA Speaker, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-99% Amide Type Lidocaine Prilocaine Cream USP 2.5% Local Anesthetic Raw Powder CAS: 1786-81-8.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141.         [Manufacturer Promotional Square Metal Tin Can for Tea Coffee Packing]

Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array System PA Speaker, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385.         [High Quality Spring Rocking Horse Outdoor Playground Playset]

Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array System PA Speaker, A.R., Khalesi, M.R., and Khosfarman, M. 2014. A parametric cost model for mineral grinding mills.Minerals Engineering,vol. 55. pp. 96-102.         [Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Color Paste]

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USBM. 1987.Aluminium Back Plate for PA Speaker ,Full Range Portable Multi-Fuction Speaker Box -metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp.         [Spindleless Wood Veneer Peeling Machine]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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