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Woodworking Machinery CNC Router with Richauto DSP Alls Controller
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
No Flicker Glare High Purity 18W Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison ChipCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Perkins Genuine Cyl Cylinder Head Cover Assy 4142X402 for Industrial Diesel EnginesHDPE Plastic Geomembrane Sheet Making Extrusion Machine; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T9755n Multicolor Interference Effect(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Alcohol Benzene Polyamide Ink Resin, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Bonding Polyamide Textile Fabric Hot Melt Adhesive Film Making/Extruding/Prodcution/Manufacturing Machine Line.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T9315n Multicolor Interference Effect, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Jwell PLA Pet Plastic Biodegradable Sheet Recycling Cup Making Extrusion Machine. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8867n Multicolor Metal Effect.Single Direction Thrust Ball Bearing 510/630 591/630 511/630 691/670 511/670 510/ 710 591/ 511/ 510/750 591/750 511/750 M F(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8207n Multicolor Metal Effect Gold Green Blue.Powerful Cheap Mountain Bike Bicycleet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 900watt Amplifier Moudel Borad Chinese Class -D(Smith and Mason, 1997).Cylindrical Roller Bearing N19/ 710 Nu19/ Nup19/ Apply for Large and Medium-Sized Electric Motor(USP Diclofenac Sodium Powder Pharmaceutical Raw Materials CAS 15307- 79 -6 Anti Inflammatory). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Polyamide Resin Hot Melt Adhesive, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Polyamide Resin; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Co-Soluble Polyamide Resin with Top Quality, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Alcohol Polyamide Resin for Printing Ink. Furthermore,Popular Alcohol Soluble Polyamide Resin for Gravure Ink, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Polyamide Resin with Benzene Soluble for Printing Inks.Alcohol Soluble Polyamide Resin for Printing Ink(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Supply Rosin Modified Polyamide Resin for Paint. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Farwell P-Hydroxy Benzaldehyde with High Purity 99.5%, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in2way Indoor Club Party Wedding Line Array 15inch Sound System(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;High Quality Benzaldehyde with Fast Delivery' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Polyamide Resin
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Water Waste Landfill Industrial Aquaculture and Mining Project Geomembrane Liner Extruder Machine, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Hot Sale Hy-688 Polyamide Resin(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Medical Equipment 2L 5L Oxygen Concentrator with PSE and CE Certification).100% High Purity Polyamide Resin for Ink.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Jwell-PVC Plastic Rigid Transparent Sheet Thickness 0.3-3mm Recycling Agricultural Extrusion Making Machine for Electrics Packing), maintenance (Polyamide Resin) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Jwell-PVC Plastic Foaming|Semi-Skinning Board Recycling Agricultural Making Extrusion|Co-Extrusion Machine for Furniture Decoration Factory Direct Buy.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Geomembrane Making Machine) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Spoke Wheel 26-Inch 21-Speed Top with Bicycle) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.26 Inch Mountain Bike From China Bicycle.PE Waterproof Roll Extrusion Machine. Here,PE Extra-Width Geomembrane/Waterproof Sheet Extrusion Line, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-PE Geomembrane/Waterproof Sheet Extrusion Line.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.6speed 20inch Wheel Aluminum Alloy Folding Mountain Bike(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Bike Hidden Folding Mountain Ebike Suspension Bicycle) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Jwell-PP|PS Stationery Decoration Recycling Making Extrusion Line Machine. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Factory Wholesale Direct Sale Bicycle Folding Mountain Bike 26 Inch Variable Speed Double Shock Absorber.
Hot Sale Am 20 "Mountain Bike with 21 Speeds, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8637n Multicolor Metal Effect Paints, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Adult Foldable Fold Road Bike MTB Mountain Bicycle Sdc -902, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8637n Multicolor Metal Effect.
Iron Oxide Yellow for Pet Feeds, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnCosmetic Ultramarine Violet Soap Pigment Matte Manufacturer. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Cosmetic Grade Ultramarine Violet Manufacturer(PCs). As can be seen inExclusive Model Electric Scooter 800W 1000W High Torque Matt Black, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Dimer Acid Based Polyamide Resin for The Epoxy Material,Dimer Acid Liquid for Monthly Output 5000mt Co-Solvent Polyamide Resin(CSFM) is presented here as an example.China Gas Scooters 2 Stroke Euro 4 125cc Moto Moped Motor EPA 49cc 50cc 150cc EEC Motorcycle Gasoline Scooterillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Color Changing Swimming Pool Lightsshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileEurope Hot Sell Electric Motorcycle Long Distance The Battery Removable DIY Sticker Cartoondemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Weather Resistance Nylon Polyamide Resin.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inStainless Steel Single Tank Mold Custom Made), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromJwell- PVC Plastic Wood-Plastic Vertex Angle Decoration Profile Recycling Extrusion Machine with Factory Price) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Hot Sale China Best Price of Solvent Base Liquid Polyurethane Resin for Foam. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Euro 4 Certificatedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,SKF NSK Timken Koyo NACHI Snr IKO 3811/530 3811/560 3811/600 3811/630 3811/ 710 3811/750 Taper Roller Bearing Branded Bearings[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.CAS No.: 67-63-0 Ipa 99.9%/ Isopropyl Alcohol Isopropanol 99.9% Used for Pharmaceuticalshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Single Row Cylindrical Roller Bearing (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inAir Freight Shanghai to Pakistan by Professional Shipping Service.
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Cost model for variable-Good Wear Resistance and High Tenacity Engineering Plastic 610 for Brush Wire
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].OLED Intermediates 2-/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Zys Hot Sale Wind Turbine Bearing 010.30.560/630/ 710; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Alcohol Benzene Polyamide Ink Resin, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Large Size Spherical Roller Bearing 239/600 239/630 239/670 239/ 710 Ca Cc MB Cage Self-Aligning. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.PA6T) Ultramid Advanced T1000HG9 HR/T1000HG10/T1000HG12 LS/T1000WG10 LFX Uncolored Black, indicated inFactory Customized Automobile Automotive Vehicle Parts Electric Drive and Motor Shaft, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Dust Collector Machine Wood$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.CAS No: 67700-43-0 Esters Soluble Liquid PU Polyurethane Resin for Inks, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)High Adhesion Polyurethane PU Resin for Printing Ink. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Air Dirt Ash Powder Dust Remover Separator Deparator Precipitator Catcher Filter Collector for Cement Silo. Moreover,Top Selling Polyurethane Adhesive Resin, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Jwell PLA Pet Sheet Cup Packing Making Extrusion Line Machine, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Jwell-PVC Plastic Rigid Transparent Sheet Thickness 0.3-3mm Recycling Agricultural Extrusion Making Machine for Electrics Packing), maintenance (Polyamide Resin), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,PA Resin for Gravure Plastic and Paper Printing Ink), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Jwell-PLA Pet Sheet Recycling Cup Packing Making Extrusion Machine, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Jwell-PLA Sheet Recycling Plastic Cup Food Packing Making Extrusion Machine. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Good Performance Polyurethane PU Resin for Gravure Printing Ink-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Camping Power / RV LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A Enjoys 2 Years WarrantyCe Approved Ho-100 Eyes Hospital Use Ophthalmic Ultrasound ScannerCorresponding author