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OEM Zipper Cute Portable Travel PU Leather Bag Cosmetic Makeup Pouch
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Wilson Parts Eim Module Engine Interface 258 -9753 2589755 ControlCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.2021 Selling The Best Quality Cost-Effective Products LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip150cc Gasoline Scooter with Efi ECU Delphi. Rongmao Efi.; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Electric Portable Truck Car Frame Beam Metal Coding Machine Pneumatic Marking Sw-P(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,2 Ton Loader 3 Wheel Cargo Tricycle, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Grid Tied Inverter 3kw.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
5kw Solar PV Kit Power Gird Tied Inverter, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Factory Mining Tyre. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Low Frequency Solar Inverter Hybrid Mode Grid- Tied and Store Power.150cc Front Cabin Cargo Tricycle(Khalesiet al.,2015).
OTR G2 Grader Tubeless Tyre 17.5-25.1L Metal Screw Top Round Machine Oil Tanket al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Full Size 150cc Go Kart (Smith and Mason, 1997).Customized Modern Design Metal Oil Tin Can 1L Empty Storage Container(Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Bdll150s6571). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)E3/L3 Pattern Bias Loader Radical Pneumatic Solid Grader OTR Tyre , Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Pneumtic Forklift Tyre/Industrial Tyre/NHS Tyre ; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,1L Paint Tin Cans/Empty Food Grade Can with Lid, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25 26.5-25 29.5-25 OTR Tire for Loaders. Furthermore,20.5-25/29.5-25/23.5-25/14.00-24/7.50-16 New E-3/L-3 Loader OTR Bias Tyre, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lights.China Electric Tricycle 350W 500W 800W for Adult(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Llantas High Quality L5 OTR Tyre 26.5-25. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (1L Empty Round Brake Fluid Can Boxes, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inLine Array with Accessories for PRO Audio(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Pneumatic Electric Portable Truck Car Frame Beam Metal Coding Machine Marking Coder' names:
►Motor King Rear Double Axle Tricycle for Heavy Loader: based on 36-foot,Pneumatic Frame Number Marking Machine Metal Cutting Plotter Plate Beam Coding,1L Custom Metal Round Tin Cans Box Packaging for Glue Coating Slovent,1L /1000ml Extra Virgin Olive Oil Metal Can, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,1L Olive Oil Can Cooking Empty Tin Can/Pot Metal
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Heavy Loader 5wheel Cargo Tricycle with Cabin, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),High Precision and Fast Speed Nonmetal CO2 Laser Marking Machine(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Hospital Senior Ultra Breatable Adult Diaper).Motor Cargo Tricycle for 2-3ton Loader.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (1L Empty Round Tin Can with Plastic Lid Manufacturer), maintenance (1L Extra Virgin Olive Oil Metal Can with Cover) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Solar & Mains 3840wh 80A 220V Outlet Battery for Appliances with Rated Power Under 1500W.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Gy6 -125/ 150ccformaular) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Double Chasis Cargo Tricycle) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Euro 5 Gy6 -50cc 4t Moped.Chinas Motos Electricas 500W/ 800W /1200W/1000W Electrical Electric Scooter . Here,Water Proof Closed Box Delivery Tricycle, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-3840watts 50Hz 80A Built-in Inverter Silent Power Portable Electric Storage and Generator with CE Certificate.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Barrow Mini Dumper with Three Wheels(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-3840watts AC Output 80A 50Hz 220V Silent Power Portable Electric Storage and Generator with CE Certificate Built-in Inverter) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Oil Petrol Anti Corrosive Tantalum Diaphragm Pressure Sensor. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)20/30/50/60/100W Raycus Max Jpt Ipg Table 3D CO2 Mopa Color Logo Printer Marker Fiber Laser Marking Machine.
Gy6 150cc EEC Scooter, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (250W- 800W Handicapped Mobility Scooter for Old People with Basket, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
with Built-in LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A Enjoys 2 Years Warranty, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Camping Power / RV LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A 220V AC Output Enjoys 2 Years Warranty.
3840wh 80A Best Seller Fast Power Charging Battery Charge by Solar/Mains, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnPedal E-Bike / Scooter Electric Bicycle 500W/ 800W. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Auto Parts Laser Printing Machine Marking System Engraving Equipment(PCs). As can be seen in10inch Speaker for Music Bar PRO Audio Sound System, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Jpt Mopa Color Fiber Laser Cutter Raycus Max Ipg 20W 30W 50W Metal Marking Engraving Cutting Machine,2021 Most Hot Selling Electric Mope E-Motorcycle 500W- 800W(CSFM) is presented here as an example.904L Uns N08904 SUS890L 1.4539 ASTM-A240 Stainless Steel Round Square Hex Flat Angle Channel Rod/Barillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Sell Well 800W 60V Electric Motorcycle for Daily Ridingshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSteel Speaker Cabinet Top Hat with M20 Thread Inside demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Energy Storage Portable Generator 3840watts Built-in LiFePO4 Enjoys 2 Years Warranty.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inStainless Steel Tumbler), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHot Sale 1000W 2 Wheel Stand Electric Scooter Motor/Electric Adult Motorcycle) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.with Built-in LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh Enjoys 2 Years Warranty. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Stand Alone Tub Small Oval 55 Inch Free Standing Acrylic Bathtubdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Solid State Inductive Heating Furnace for Tyre Cord Wire[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Komatsu PC270-7 Arm Cyl Ketshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Factory Supply Biomass Rice Husk Charcoal Making Machine(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in204 Colors High Quality Easy off Color UV Nail Gel Polish.
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Cost model for variable-Hospital Equipment Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer at Best Price
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Ce Approved Ho-100 Eyes Hospital Use Ophthalmic Ultrasound Scanner/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Outdoor/Home Use Built-in LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A Enjoys 2 Years Warranty; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,2 Ton Loader 3 Wheel Cargo Tricycle, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Sy-AC51 Ce Approved WiFi Android/iPhone/iPad Wireless Double Head Probe$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Camping Power / RV LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A Enjoys 2 Years Warranty, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Hot Sale Mini High Frequency 25kw Induction Heater Price. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Convex Series Probe Type Wireless Mini Ultrasound Scanner. Moreover,2ND Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Hot Selling 2ND Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (1L Empty Round Tin Can with Plastic Lid Manufacturer), maintenance (1L Extra Virgin Olive Oil Metal Can with Cover), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Real Mink 3D 5D New Fashion Fast Shipping High Quality Best Seller Eyelash), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.High Quality Economic Ultrasound a/B Scan for Ophthalmology , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Ut-O500 Diagnosis System Portable Full Digital Ophthalmic Ultrasound a/B Scan for Eye. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Ophthalmic a Scan and Pachymeter Combined Unit-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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