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Manufacturer of custom plastic parts fan blower
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Yj-Ubd7a Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer Made in ChinaCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.High Frequency Induction Heater PA12 Transparent Polyamide with Anti-UV Granules; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Industrial Vacuum Atmosphere Hot Pressing Sintering Furnace(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Softel 4u 12 Channel Agile CATV Analog RF Modulator, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Maintence Grease Gun 21V LCD Real Time Information Reading Hand Tool.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Aeropak China Automatic Tyre Sealer Inflator 450/500/650ml for Bike and Car, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,High Quality Melamine MDF with Competitive Price Ce Carb Grade. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Glue E1 Fsc Carb Green/Red Core Plain Mositure-Proof MDF.The Best Sale and Low Price Chinese Brake Lathe (Khalesiet al.,2015).
Melamine MDF E1 E0 Carb P2 Grade.Transparent Ceramics Hot Press Sintering Furnaceet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla154p332(Smith and Mason, 1997).6mm Raw Plain MDF ISO9001/ Carb for Decoration(Double 6" Professional Speaker Line Array). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)ISO, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Se0/Fsc/ Carb Naf 18mm MDF Board; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,HPM410W Submerged Integrated Level Sensor Transmitter, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Industrial Mining All Welded Anti Explosion Pressure Transmitter. Furthermore,GAS Wind Pressure Transmitter with Data Display, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Carb /SGS Wood Fiber New Design 1220*2440mm Melamine MDF.Coconut Shell Carbon Charcoal Making Machines Production Line(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.2440mmx1220mmx3mm Carb P2 Formaldehyde Raw HDF Board. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Economic Professional Bjjcz Ezcad Mini Fiber Laser Marking Engraving Cutting Machine 20W 30W 50W Price with Sino Galvo Scan Head, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inProfessional Stage Line Array System Dual 10 Inch DSP Active Speaker (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Light Color Plain MDF Boardlight Board/Raw MDF/E2/E1/E0/ Carb P2 /Raw' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Compressor Low Cost Small Type Pressure Transducer
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Hot Sale Motorcycle with 150cc Gy6 Engine, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),HPM766 Dry diaphragm membrane sanitary pressure transducer(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Romantic Grey Polished Marble Slabs for Wall and Floor).150cc Gy6 Engine Gasoline Scooter.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Gy6 Engine 150cc Scooter), maintenance (Underwater Swimming Pool Light Decoration LED Lamp with Edison Chip) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Digital Display Superior 316L integrated Pressure Transducer.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Waterproof Pool Lamp) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (RGB High Lumen Resin Filled PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Waterproof Underwater Light) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Gy6 125cc Sproty Scooter /Motorcycle.Top Grade Cross-Country Motorcycle Tire 120/90-18. Here,Gy6 Engine 150cc Gasoline Scooter for Adults, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Flat film Clamp Hygienic Pressure Sensor Transmitter.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Steel Wheel Hub Buggy 150cc ATV(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-150cc 200cc Gas ATV Quad for Adults) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Hot Selling to Nigeria Market Manufacture Motorbike Tyre 3.50-18. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Raw Petro High Temperature Sapphire Pressure Transmitter.
Cheap Adult 150cc ATV Farm/Quad Bike 200cc for Sale, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (EEC Euro 5 Gy6 -125cc Motorcycle Scooters, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Gy6 Engine Gas Scooter, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,150cc 200cc Gy6 4 Wheel Chain/Shaft Drive Gas Powered Sport Quad Bike ATV.
Gy6 -50cc OEM Gas Scooter, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn150cc off Road Utility ATV with Reverse . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Commander 200cc ATV off-Road Quad China 150cc 180cc 110cc Kids(PCs). As can be seen inFood Packaging Bag, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Zongshen 150cc Cargo Tricycle with Top Cover,Gy6 150cc Gas Scooter(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Hot Vtx Series V25 Dual 15 Inch Three Way Speaker Line Array Speaker/Professional Audioillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T9755n Multicolor Interference Effectshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileLaptop Battery for DELL Latitude E7270 E7470 R1V85 Mc34y 0mc34y 451-Bbsx J60j5demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,150cc 5 Speeds Forwader ATV 4 Wheelers Farm .
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inLED Flexible Mini Neon Light RGB and Other Color), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromAmerican Standard Oval Freestanding Thick Rim Bath Tub Made in China) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Hot Selling Electric Race Vietnam Motorcycle Tire . The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Gy6 -50cc Scooterdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Gy6 150cc Gasoline Scooter[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.1L 2L 5L 10L 100ml 200ml 500ml Wine Glass Bottlesshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.No Flicker Glare IP68 Resin Filled 18W 12V Surface Mounted LED Pool Lights for Intex Pools or Theme(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inYishan 160HP swamp dozer TS160G with air conditioner.
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Cost model for variable-Gy6 -50cc Scooter
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].China 150cc Gy6 Gasoline Scooter/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Euro 4 Certificate; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Softel 4u 12 Channel Agile CATV Analog RF Modulator, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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150cc Gasoline Scooter with Efi ECU Delphi. Rongmao Efi.$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.High Performance Motorcycle Tire for Senegal , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Double Rear Tyre Tricycle with 300cc Water Cooling Engine. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.300cc Gas Aluminum Adult Tricycle Reverse Truck Cargo . Moreover,Portable Mini Mobil Cover Fiber Color Laser Marking Machine with Ezcad, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (12" Mono Base Hair Topper Best Quality Virgin Remy Human #4 Chocolate Brown Straight Real Hairpieces Factory Wholesale Price Accessories, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Gy6 Engine 150cc Scooter), maintenance (Underwater Swimming Pool Light Decoration LED Lamp with Edison Chip), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,300cc Five Wheel Gas Cargo 3 Motorcycle for Adults ), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Portable Automatic Ultrasound Bone Analyzer Densitometer, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,300cc New Classic Cheap Cargo Tricycle . Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Voomaster Brand Big Diamonds Tread Pattern Motorcycle Tyre 3.00- 17 -feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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