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China Big Size 1325 CO2 Laser Engraving Cutting Machine
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Vr36 Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Passive Compact Line ArrayCost modelling for flotation machines
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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.2D Echo Color Doppler Ultrasound Scanner(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Ready to Ship Best Quality Brazilian Human Hair Body Wave Extensions, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.8-30inches Malaysian Straight Hair Bundles 100% Human Weaves.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Ophthalmic Biometer &Pachymeter , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,New Cooling Fast Racing Motorcycle 400cc 250cc Efi System 150km/H. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Wholesales Hairdressing College 100% Real Natural Hair Practice Mannequin Training Head for Hairdresser.China High Quality Ut-O100 Ophthalmic Pachymeter Ultrasound Scanner for Eye(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Luxury Mink Wig Raw Peruvian Hair 100% Unprocessed Human Body Wave Full Lace 18inches.50cc EEC Motorcycle Scooter Efi Mopedet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Vector Air Compressor Power Transformer(Smith and Mason, 1997).3 Seats 3000W 4 Wheel Mobility Disabled EEC/Coc Electric Mini Car with Lithium Battery(Cute City Electric Scooter 600V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adults). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)50cc/125cc Euro 5 Certificate Gas Scooter Motorcycle Moped Efi , Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Zhenhua New T5 300cc Motorcycle Efi; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,EEC Efi Racing Motorbike Motorcycles 125cc, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Motorbicycle with Efi Fuel Supply and Steel Tube Frame. Furthermore,High Speed Kawasaki Ninja Motorcycle 250cc, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Mini Nameplate Pneumatic Engraving Machine.Electric Smart Cargo Car Tricycle 800W 40km/H Long Running Range(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Mini electric truck/ express vehicle/ Express vehicles. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Bost Motorcycle Parts Accessories Air Filter for 2-Wheel 4-Stroke Gy6 -125 -150 Bikes, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inNew Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;BAW Made of Electric Car with Lithium Battery' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Electric 4 Wheelers Cars 800W 50km/H Mini Old Man Tricycle
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,2021 New Products Motor Power 800W Electric Trolley Tractor, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Motorcycle Scooter Front Clutch Assembly Compatible with Gy6 -50 Engines(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Manual butterfly valve with Chinese stainless steel sanitary clamp handle).1L Tin Can with Metal Cap for Food Storage.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Motorcycle Engine Spare Part Dipstick for Scooter Kymco Gy6 -60), maintenance (1L 1.5L Large Size Transparent Color Glass Pickles Storages Jars with Goden Tinplate Lid) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Motorcycle Plane Bearing Spare Parts for Gy6 125-Oumurs.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (1L Aluminum Tin Can for Food Packaging ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (1L Cone Top Tin Can with Screw Cap) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Gy6 -125 Motorcycle Spark Plug Cap Parts.Mining Cement Stainless Steel 316L Protective Pressure Sensor. Here,Scooter Parts, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Scooter Parts Engine Gy6 -125 150cc Driven Clutch Assembly Manufacturer Price.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Cheap 20W Fiber Laser Color Metal Marking Marker Machine Price(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Stainless Steel Metal Rotray Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Aluminum) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Flexible Label Laser Marking Machine for Automotive. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)CATV Indoor Amplifier 8200.
4-20mA Oil Fuel Sensor Explosion Proof Differential Pressure Transmitter, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Softel 3ru CATV 24 Way Fixed-Channel Analog Modulator, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Metal Fiber Ring Color Laser Engraving Machine, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Perfect Laser Rotary DOT Peen Marker for Sale.
0-5V 0-10V Raw Petro High Temperature Sapphire Pressure Transducer, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnHot Sells Solar Power System for Home 3kwh with Both AC&DC Output. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).6 Injectors Testing & Coding Simultaneously Diesel Test Bench for Common Rail System Eui Eup Heui Heup Cummins Hpi (PCs). As can be seen in980 50kw on Grid Solar System with Tied Inverter Is Upto 80kw Big Capacity., neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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3kwh LiFePO4 Battery with 5 Years Warranty,Anti Explosion High Stability Sealed Pressure Sensor(CSFM) is presented here as an example.L18 /86131 Falante Professional 18inch Subwoofer 700W New Product China Supplier Hot Saleillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 152sn924shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSafe Delivery CAS 49851-31-2 / 2-Bromovalerophenone Yellow Liquid and 1009-14-9demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Best Price 2021 New Product 3kwh Home Solar System for Outdoor Use.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inMedical Protective KN95 Mask for Doctor), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromRGB/White 18W PAR56 LED Swimming Pool Light) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Solar Energy Storage System Built-in Inverter. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Samsung 55inch Ultra Thin 1.7mm 700 Brightness 2X3 3X3 Video Wall Solutiondemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,4-20mA Diffused Silicon Micro Size Hygienic Pressure Transducer[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Real Mink 3D 5D New Fashion Fast Shipping High Quality Best Seller Eyelashshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Lithium Battery 200ah LiFePO4 Pack 3kwh(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inPortable Electric Steam Nail Polish Remover for Beauty Salon.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].45kw Mf Induction Heating Machine Heater/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Ytd-Dih25 IGBT Automatic Induction Heating Machine; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Ready to Ship Best Quality Brazilian Human Hair Body Wave Extensions, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Switch Control 12V 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with CE RoHS IP68 Reports$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.316L Ceramic Pressure Transducer for Health Care Industry, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Factory Wholesale Price Industrial Induction Vacuum Furnace. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Mini Size Water Differential Pressure Sensor for HVAC. Moreover,Water Transmitter Diffused Silicon Level Sensor for Fluid, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Digital Display Hygienic Pressure Indicator Transmitter, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Motorcycle Engine Spare Part Dipstick for Scooter Kymco Gy6 -60), maintenance (1L 1.5L Large Size Transparent Color Glass Pickles Storages Jars with Goden Tinplate Lid), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,High Stable Universal Pressure Transmitter), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.4-20mA Micro Air Gas Differential Pressure Sensor Transducer, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,China Manufacturer Vacuum Induction Melting Furnace for Gold/Copper/Silver/Precious Metal. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Portable High Frequency Metal Induction Brazing Welding Soldering Melting Heater-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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