GENERAL PAPERS

12V RGB Resin Filled Underwater Pool Lights with 2 Years WarrantyCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.ISY SDC TCM ID Mounted Pipe Beveling MachineGenuine ATSC DVB-S2 Internet TV Receiver Zgemma H3. AC for Mexico USA Canada Market; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 156sm420(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 160sn827, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate Food Grade.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 142s1173.Ammonium Polyphosphate (Khalesiet al.,2015).

Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Color Paste.High Efficiency Thick Wall Pipe Pipeline Piping System Beveling Machineet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Food Grade 3 Liter Square Olive Oil Tin Can with Handle and Cap(Smith and Mason, 1997).Industry Grade Ammonium Polyphosphate(Manufacturer Supply Poly L-Lactic Acid with Lowest Price Raw Material Bulk 79 -33-4 for Food Additives). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Light Duty Hand Held Boiler Pipe Tube Cutter Beveller, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Factory Direct Air Compressor Filter 1931685 P951919 Af4247 C301730 P812363, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Embossed PC Solid Sheet Extruder Machine Making Extrusion Line. Furthermore,Anti-Scratch PC Polycarbonate Impact Solid Sheet Extrusion Machine, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 132s1320(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Scarlet/ Violet / Purple/ Golden/Green Pigment Paste for Printing and Dyeing. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Electrical Pipe Tube Cold Working Processing Machine, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in30watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;T-Type Electric Beveling Machine ' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Pigment

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Flame Retardant Ammonium Polyphosphate , blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Plastic Sheet Machine PC Polycarbonate Solid(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Baby travel diaper disposable paper change cushion).PMMA GPPS Sheet/Board Plastic Extruder Machine/Making Machine.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (PC/PMMA/GPPS Optical Plate/Board Extrusion Making Machine/Extruder), maintenance (Jwell High Quality Pet Sheet Extrusion Machine for Protective Mask) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (PC/Polycarbonate/GPPS/PMMA Sheet Extruder Machine/Plastic) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Uns S31254 En 1.4547 F44 Price Per Kg Super Austenitic Stainless Steel Round Bar Rod) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar by Zeron100 .S32750 Uns Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar. Here,Against Wall Australian Freestanding Acrylic Bathtubs, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-2507 Uns S32750 Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet / Plate.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Endless Pool(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-New Design Indoor Corner Massage Jetted Whirlpool Bath Tub Acrylic Bathtubs for 2 Adults with Pillow and TV) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Outdoor Jet Surf Massage Bubble SPA Swimming Pool Hot Tub Combo. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Plastic Products Colorful Pellets Resin Raw Material Light Green Color Antistatic Masterbatch Customized.

Endless Swimming Pool, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Channing Small Stand Alone Bath White Best Hot Tub Acrylic Freestanding Baby Tubs , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Whole Sale Home Antique Style Large Acrylic Freestanding Bathtub, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Milling Machine Tool F1 Type Boring Head with Shank Adapter for.

Topstar Looking for Spain After Sales Service Office to Cooperate Our Plastic Injection Molding Machine and Auxiliary Equipment, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnFactory Price Fully Automatic Dustbin Injection Molding Machine. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Jwell TPU Matt Cast Film Machine(PCs). As can be seen in18W Recessed IP68 PAR56 LED swimming Pool Underwater Light, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Jwell-PLA Sheet Recycling Plastic Cup Food Packing Making Extrusion Machineshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileDsola Factory Customized High Efficient Solar Cable Connector Mc4demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,35% Blowing Film Grade Carbon Black Masterbatch Manufacture.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inDisposable Instant Cold Pack), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFactory Direct Sale Dimethyl Gonane 702- 79 -4) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.2021 New Design Plastic Injection Molding Machine Made in China. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Scooter / Motorcycle Electric Motor Power 800W 1kw 2kw 3kwdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Carbon Black Masterbatch for Injection Moulding[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.L-Arginine Powder Amino Acid Pure Manufacturershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.PLA Masterbatch Manufacturers for 3D Printing Filament(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in200ml Oral Liquid Glass Bottle/ Packaging/ Container.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].30% to 50% Carbon Content PP Application Making Plastics Product Film/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.V5.0 Fashion Mini Twins Wireless Bluetooth Earphone with Microphone; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 160sn827, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Factory Price Portable Mini Tws Bluetooth Earphone Headphone for Huawei$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Hot Selling Headset Bluetooth Wireless Headphone with Charger Case, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Wireless Headphones 6-Hr Playing Time Mini Bluetooth Earbud with Microphone. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Super Design Mini Earpieces Headset Wireless Earphones for Huawei. Moreover,PVC Marble Coated Decorative Sheet Production Line Extruder, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Mini Private Design Tws True Wireless Stereo Headphone for Huawei, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (PC/PMMA/GPPS Optical Plate/Board Extrusion Making Machine/Extruder), maintenance (Jwell High Quality Pet Sheet Extrusion Machine for Protective Mask), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Bluetooth 5.0 Earphones Wireless Headphones Support HiFi 5 Hours Playtime), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Tws 5.0 Wireless Headphone with ND1526p Dual Call 600mAh Charging Box, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Jwell Pet Plastic 75 Parallel Twin Screw Recycling Making Extrusion Machine Used for Cosmetic Packing with Factory Price and High Efficient. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Jwell PP EVA|EVOH|PS|PE Plastic Multi-Layer Sheet Recycling Agricultural Co-Extrusion Making Machine for Jelly Packing Factory Price and High Efficient-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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