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High Quality Full Printing Self-Locking Plastic Buckle Hook & Loop Strap for Cell Phone
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
1 Year Qhdtv Abonnement IPTV Subscription Code Europe Spain Portugal France Italia Arabic Italy French Belgium for Android Smart TV Box M3uCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Vitamin a Acid/ Tretinoin CAS: 302- 79 -4 for Skin DiseaseColor Custom Diesel Engine with Four-Stroke for Generator Set; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Hrk Provide Topiramate Powder Price CAS 97240- 79 -4(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Speaker 2way Double 10inch Full Range High Power Neodymium Speakers Line Array , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.China 10 " DJ Indoor/Outdoor Audio Sound System Line Array Speakers .
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Dual 10 " Professional Home Sound Mini Concert Karaoke Party System Mobile Trolley Battery Active Stereo Audio Speaker with DJ Light+Remote Control+Bt, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,China Hot Sale Professional Speaker Dual 10 Inch Line Array. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,10 " Plywood Professional DSP Active Speaker .Top Quality CAS 643- 79 -8 O-Phthalaldehyde(Khalesiet al.,2015).
High Quality Chemical Product 4- .Bluetooth Speaker Indoor Outdoor Party Sound 10 Inch Active Arrray Systemet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for L-Guard Wheel Loader L-5 OTR 45/65-45 Cheap Wholesale Tyres(Smith and Mason, 1997).Public Address System 10 Inch 100V 8ohm High Power 120W Wide Frequency in Ceiling Mount Speaker with Fire Back Dome(Bd600 AC Frequency Inverter/Converter/220 V to 380 Inverter). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Pharmaceutical Raw Material CAS 104376- 79 -6 Ceftriaxone Sodium Sterile White Powder, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Dual 10inch Powerful Line Array Speaker Ds210; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Hot Sale Free Sample CAS 302- 79 -4 Retinoic Acid with Best Quality, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Dual 10 Inch Top and Double 15 Bass Portable Multi-Functional Line Array Speaker System. Furthermore,Cheap Price PRO Sound Professional Audio 10 Inch Speakers 200W, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Vitamin a Acid/ Tretinoin CAS: 302- 79 -4 for Skin Disease with Fast Delivery.Cold&Heat Seal Plastic Film Roll Chocolate Bar Food Cookies Packaging Bag Frosted Zipper Container Made Craft Drawstring Low MOQ Printing(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.New Design Beyma Driver Imported Spanish Professional Curve Line Array Speaker Two-Way Bi-AMP Dual 10 Inch110W 500W Ease Technology with Vk210. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (10 Inch Coaxial Speaker Professional Driver 250wrms " Subwoofer, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inPumping Jarol 380V 3 Phase 15kw 20HP Frequency Inverter/Converter/Drive with IGBT(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Aicrowe L- ' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Biocar Multifunctional 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 716- 79 -0 C13h10n2 with CE Certificate
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Local Anesthetics Dibucaine Pharma Raw Powder CAS 85- 79 -0, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),10AA50-1 RMS 200 Watts 10 Inch Full Range Woofer with(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Energy Saving LED Lighting Lamp Outdoor 6W Solar Garden with Strip).High Quality 98% Acrylamid Powder CAS 79 -06 1.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Plastic Laminated Bio Black White Craft Zipper Yemek Paketleme Paper Kraft Packaging Ziplock Bags for Coffee Food), maintenance (Food Grade Lactic Acid 79 -33-4) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Wholesale Top Quality Retinoic Acid/Retinoic Acid Powder/Tretinoin Powder/Vitamin a CAS 302- 79 -4.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (10 " Inch Speaker System PRO Audio Entertainment Speakers ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (10 -50W 6.5 Inch PA Sound Ceiling Speaker) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Professional Audio Speaker Double 10 Inch Line Array .Dual 10 Inch Indoor and Outdoor Stage Passive/Active Speaker. Here,Custom Plastic Food Contact Packaging Bags, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Dual 10 Inch 600W High-End Stage Line Array PRO Audio.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Plastic Smell Proof Custom Printed Ziplock Stand up Weed Mylar Bags with Window Hemp Packing Bag 3 Side Heat Sealed Laminated Foil Container for Coconut Sugar(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Child Resistant Stand up Exit Bag) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Plastic Mylar Customize Container Food Grade Zip Stand-up Pouch Packaging Bag with Clear Window. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Single 10 Inches Passive/Active Full-Range Professional Loudspeaker.
Custom Zip Bag Plastic Stand-up Pouch Sweet Child Proof, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Combo Speaker Professional Loudspeaker /Doule 10'' Line Array System, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
PRO Audio Speaker Dual 10 Inch Professional DSP Active Line Array, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,10 " Professional Stage Performance Audio PA Trolley Wireless Bluetooth Active Speaker.
Single 10 Inch 2 Way Mini Portable Line Array Speaker, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnChina Factory Supply CAS 79 -03-8 Propionyl Chloride with Best Quality. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Pharmaceutical Chemical 1-Hydroxypyrene CAS 5315- 79 -7(PCs). As can be seen inNatural Horizontal Bamboo Veneer for Panel Board, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Polymer Science 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 16- 79 -0,High Quality Custom Printed Pet Food Packaging Bags(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Quality Certified Product Ethyl 2-Phenylacetoacetate CAS: 5413-05-8 BMK Powderillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Fast Delivery Home 5kw Solar Power Grid Tied Energy System Cheap Priceshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHot Sales 2/3 Sides Seal Food Vacuum Pouches 70microndemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Clothes /Cosmetics Plastic Packaging PP Bags PEVA/OPP/ CPE/ Pvf Shoes Shirt Storage Stock Self Heat Sealing.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inVeneer Lathe Hydraulic), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromAgriculture Fertilizer N 21% Ammonium Sulfate) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Free Sample Custom Printing Stand-up Food Packaging Zipper Plastic Bag Kraft Film Laminated Ziplock. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Hot Cheap Electric Scooter for Two Seats 60V800W20ah with USB Chargerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Amino Acid L-Arginine 99% CAS 74- 79 -3[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.High Quality Cheap Custom Logo Printing Round Metal Cans with Lidsshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Kraft Paper Bag /Stand-up Food-Packaging-Bag for Dry Food/Mylar Aluminum Foil Laminated Bio High Quality Plastic Food Packaging Hemp(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inPower Track System Electric Socket Outlet / for Multi Electrical Sockets.
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Cost model for variable-Matt Food Packaging Child Proof Zipper Plastic Stand up Pouch Water &Air & Smelly Kraft Film Laminated Food&Tea&Coffee&Candy Bag
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Glossy & Matte Plastic Flat Bag Three Side Sealing Aluminum Foil with Tear Notch &Ziplock Silver Food Packaging Pouch for Food&Hemp&Tea Smell Resistant/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Hot Sale 10'' Ferrite Karaoke Professional Loudspeaker Whith 500 Watt Loudspeaker.; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Speaker 2way Double 10inch Full Range High Power Neodymium Speakers Line Array , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Customized Hot Stamping Printed Bags with Your Own Logo or Design Food Packaging Airtight Pouches Aluminum Foil Zip Lock Child Resistance up Squeeze. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Customizable Food Vacuum Smelly Proof Kraft Paper Stand up Mylar Packaging Bag with Zipper& Tear Notch, indicated inAclon DSP3500 Professional DJ Sound Speakers DSP Powered Line Array, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Custom Liquid Stand up Pouch Spout for Food Packaging$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.ESD Shielding Anti Static Aluminum Foil Laminated LLDPE Bag for Electronic Parts /LED Lighting Packing, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Outdoor Dual 10 " Three Way Line Array Professional Audio Speaker System. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.2021 New Compact 10 " Active Line Array Speaker Sound System. Moreover,Waterproof Dual 10 " Three Way Line Array Professional Audio Speaker System, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (PE Dog Food Pouch with Hole, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Plastic Laminated Bio Black White Craft Zipper Yemek Paketleme Paper Kraft Packaging Ziplock Bags for Coffee Food), maintenance (Food Grade Lactic Acid 79 -33-4), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Dual 10 Inch Line Array for Concert Live Service ), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Professional Loudspeaker 10'' PRO Audio Speaker Passive Line Array System, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Double 10'' Compact Active Line Array. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.CAS: 13553- 79 -2; Rifamycin S-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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