GENERAL PAPERS

High Polyamide ResinCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Powered Concert Theater High Performance PA System Power Sub BassTetracaina HCl Tetracaine Base Depuracao Segura Mercado 100% Brasileiro; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.2way Indoor Club Party Wedding Line Array 15inch Sound System(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,12 Inch Audio Wireless Professional Portable Rechargeable DJ Bluetooth PA Trolley Speaker with LED Light ED-1201 Wire Microphone 1PCS, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Professional Active Powered Line Array Speaker Mini 5 Inch Audio.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Professional Dual 15" Multi-Purpose Speaker, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Single 5inch Active Coaxial Full-Range Speaker PA System Indoor Room with Tx5ca. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,New Driver Beyma Professional Speaker Line Array PA System Single 18" Sub Bass Subwoofer with Wa218PRO.Srx725 Dual 15" PRO Audio Speaker Box(Khalesiet al.,2015).

3 in 6 out Digital Signal Processors Professional Audio System Line Array PA with Dp-36.Professional Audio System Signal 15" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA with Tq15et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 18" Die Cast P-Auido Style Aluminum Frame(Smith and Mason, 1997).Double 12'' Line Array Audio(Made in China Solar System 10kw 20kw 30kw 40kw 50kw Energy for Industry). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Professional Audio Signal 12" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA System with Tq12, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).DJ Stage PRO Audio Indoor Club 15" Line Array Loudspeaker; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,15'' Waterproof Subwoofer with High Spl Use Indoor and Outdoor, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.USP Level Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%. Furthermore,Stadium Banquet Hall Theater PRO Audio PA Speaker Line Array System, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Benzyl Benzoate Bb 99.95% Bp/USP Grade CAS: 120-51-4.Top Quality and Best Price for Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Bp Grade Benzyl Benzoate 99% Min. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Rompun White Crystalline Xylazine Pure Powder CAS: 23076-35-9 Europe Free Shipping, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inGood Quality 2-Wheel Electric Motorcycle 500-1000W Scooter in Stock(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;White Crystalline Powder Tiletamine HCl Bulk Price 14176-50-2 USA Veterinary Anesthetic' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Professional Audio Loudspeaker PA Stage Active Line Array

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,PA Speaker Accessories and Parts , blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),PA System with Rigging Shackle Hardware Parts M25 (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Black Stainless Steel Floating Locket Charm).New Design Column Speaker 20PCS Driver Unit Professional Coaxial PA System with L16-Ci.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Professional Self-Powered Subwoofer Indoor Outdoor PA Sstem DSP Bass Speaker Vk10SA), maintenance (Power Column Speaker PA System) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Speaker Wall Mounting Bracket .076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Single 18'' High Power Speaker Subwoofer) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Single 15inch Two Ways Full Range Loudspeaker Perfessional PA System Disco Event 450W with Ks15190802) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.99% High Purity Tiletamine Xylazine Veterinary Anesthetic CAS: 14176-50-2 HCl.Chinese Top Veterinary Anesthesia Injection Solution Xylazine Hydrochloride Wholesales CAS: 23076-35-9. Here,Free Sample White Crystalline Powder Procaine South America Warehouse CAS: 51-05-8 Larocaine, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-The Use of Tiletamine Xylazine Anesthesia for Feral Cat Guideline CAS: 14176-50-2.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Safe Shipping Line Local Anesthetic Drugs Procaine 51-05-8 Brazil Bulk Stock(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-67-63-0 Pharmaceutical Intermediates Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,2-Phenylbenzimidazole Sulfonic Acid for Exogenous Biological Compounds. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Battery-Powered PA Multimedia USB Radio Speaker Outdoor Use.

Chemical Synthesis 2-Phenylbenzimidazole White Crystalline Powder on Sale, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Active Compact Column PA Speaker Powered Loudspeaker Point Source, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

PA Speaker Sound System Dual 8'' Two-Way Line Array, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Wall Amplifier Bluetooth Home Theater Amplifiers Mini with 6'' in Ceiling Speaker Audio Amplificador AMP Bgm Bacground Music Host Wireless Remote Control.

12"Neodymium Loudspeaker for Line Array Speakers or PA in Professional Audio Equipments, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnPRO Audio with Tweeter Horn for Line Array . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Manufacturers Supply Top Quality Larocaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 94-15-5(PCs). As can be seen inAC Variable Vector Frequency Inverter, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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GMP Factory Supply High Quality Anesthesia Levobupivacaine Pain Release CAS: 27262-48-2,Professional Audio Loudspeaker Vt312 Dual 12 Inch Stadium PA Speaker(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Allsparkpower 3kw/4.8kwh 3kwh /5kwh/10kwh/20kwh Storage Capacity Backup Power System Solar Supply for Houseillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.VFD Frequency Converter Inverter for Constant Pressure Water Supplyshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while1.8mm ultra narrow bezel 16: 9 LED TV video wall for homedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa for Dehydrating Agent and Cleaning 67-63-0.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHigh Quality Common Rail Injector 326-4700 or C6.4 Excavator Caterpillar 320d), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from2 X HDMI) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.High Purity Local Anesthetic Larocaine Powder CAS: 94-15-5 UK Hot Sales. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.150cc ATV for Adults Lmatv-150hmdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Safe Delivery High Purity Raw Materials Larocaine USP 42 South American Warehouse[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.MBN1503 PA Woofer shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Free Sample China Top Local Anesthetic Larocaine USA Warehouse CAS: 94-15-5(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inBag of Mask Disposable 3 Ply Box Earloopdust Ear Loop Fabric Cover Layer Anti Dust Face.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].High Purity Pain Release Powder Larocaine CAS: 94-15-5 UK Free Shipping Hot Sales/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.New Design Source Column Speaker 6X6.5inch B&C Imported Driver Unit PA Line Array Subwoofer with Novi; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,12 Inch Audio Wireless Professional Portable Rechargeable DJ Bluetooth PA Trolley Speaker with LED Light ED-1201 Wire Microphone 1PCS, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Home Theater PA PRO Audio Speaker$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.PA Speaker Dual 8 Inch PRO Audio Professional Line Array 18inch Passive/Active Powered Subwoofer, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Professional Audio Kara Line Array. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array System PA Speaker. Moreover,Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Bupivacaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 14252-80-3, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Professional Audio Signal 8" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA System with Tq8, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Professional Self-Powered Subwoofer Indoor Outdoor PA Sstem DSP Bass Speaker Vk10SA), maintenance (Power Column Speaker PA System), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Fdb Audio Double 6 Inch Line Array Speaker Professional Outdoor PA System), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Best Quality Safe Delivery 1, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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