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Cold Rolled Steel Plates Factory Rolling as Customized
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Kf760 Line Array System for Outdoor ConcertCost modelling for flotation machines
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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Softel 24 Channel Optional RF Fixed Analog Modulator(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Cummins diesel engine 4918416 inline 5 diagnostic tool datalink adapter, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Solar Energy System 3kwh Power Home Built in Inverter.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
High Quality 3kwh Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Automatic Thermostatic Vulcanizer for Sale . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,BMW N63 S63 Camshaft Alignment Tool Set .Gy6 -125 Spark Plug Cap OEM Quality Motorcycle Parts(Khalesiet al.,2015).
2021 High Quality Marine 1400W Hybrid Power Inverter Solar System Portable with 3kwh Lithium Battery.Motorcycle Scooter Rear Clutch Assembly for Gy6 -90 Engineset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Kara Dual 8 Inch Line Array Speakekr with 3 Compressiond Driver Unit PRO Audio Speaker(Smith and Mason, 1997).Motorcycle Parts Speed Cable for Gy6 -150(5GHz 10dBi Wideband Omni WLAN Antenna). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Powder Metallurgy Hot Press Sintering Furnace, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Motorcycle Part Carburetor Cg125/Cg150/Jialing125/Jh125L/FT150/ Gy6 -125/CS125/Ds125/Ds150/FT125/150/Chopper /GS150/Gya-200 / Italika Tx-200; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Cheap Popular Pattern 3.00-18 Motorcycle Tyre, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Strong Corrosion Resistance High Overload Pressure Sensor. Furthermore,300cc Triciclo Con Cabina, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Three Wheel Trolley Tube Type Tire 90/90-18.High accuracy stability Monocrystalline Silicon Pressure Transmitter(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Discount High Strength 90/90-19 Motorcycle Tyre/Tire. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (New Pattern Best Price 110/90- 17 Motorcycle Tire, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHigh Quality 5000W Grid Tied Solar Power Generation System Competitive Price(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Tire Brands to Avoid 2.50- 17 Solid Tire.' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,3.00- 17 Super High Quality Natural Rubber Motorcycle Tire.
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Thin-film Sputtering Pressure Transmitter For Medical Equipment, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),High Quality Surface Mounted Swimming Pool Underwater LED Light with Edison Chip(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Interchangeable Us EU UK Au Ek Plug 100-240VAC Input 15V 0.4A AC Power Adapter).Ophthalmic Ultrasonic Pachymeter and Biometer.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (2D Echo Color Doppler Ultrasound Scanner Diagnostic Equipment), maintenance (2021 New Arrival Malaysian Eyebrow) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,18" Remy Hair Lace Front Closure Natural Color Body Wave.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (250ml 500ml 750ml 1L Fancy Small Cooking Oil Tin) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (2D Echo Color Doppler Ultrasound Scanner) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Ready to Ship Best Quality Brazilian Human Hair Body Wave Extensions.8-30inches Malaysian Straight Hair Bundles 100% Human Weaves. Here,Ophthalmic Biometer &Pachymeter , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-New Cooling Fast Racing Motorcycle 400cc 250cc Efi System 150km/H.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Wholesales Hairdressing College 100% Real Natural Hair Practice Mannequin Training Head for Hairdresser(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-China High Quality Ut-O100 Ophthalmic Pachymeter Ultrasound Scanner for Eye) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Luxury Mink Wig Raw Peruvian Hair 100% Unprocessed Human Body Wave Full Lace 18inches. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)50cc EEC Motorcycle Scooter Efi Moped.
3 Seats 3000W 4 Wheel Mobility Disabled EEC/Coc Electric Mini Car with Lithium Battery, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (50cc/125cc Euro 5 Certificate Gas Scooter Motorcycle Moped Efi , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Zhenhua New T5 300cc Motorcycle Efi, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,EEC Efi Racing Motorbike Motorcycles 125cc.
Motorbicycle with Efi Fuel Supply and Steel Tube Frame, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnHigh Speed Kawasaki Ninja Motorcycle 250cc. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Mini Nameplate Pneumatic Engraving Machine(PCs). As can be seen in2.5A 0.4kw IP20 Jarol Variable Frequency Drive, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Mini electric truck/ express vehicle/ Express vehicles,Bost Motorcycle Parts Accessories Air Filter for 2-Wheel 4-Stroke Gy6 -125 -150 Bikes(CSFM) is presented here as an example.2021 New Design 12V 18W Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with CE RoHS IP68 Reportsillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Custom Printing Mylar Bio Child Proof Stand up Pouch Plastic Food Grade Packaging Bagshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while60V800W Electric Scooter with Highlight Rear Boxdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,BAW Made of Electric Car with Lithium Battery.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSterilization Hand Sanitizer Quick-Drying Non-Irritating 75% Alcohol Gel), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromGlue Tin Can with Plastic Lid / Square Metal Paint Sizes) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.M7 Model LHD&Rhd EV with Solar Panel Pure Electric Car. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Color Custom Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set with Four-Strokedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,50cc Monkey Bike Gasoline Motorcycle Euro4 Efi[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Scooter Partsshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.4x2 electric pickup truck/ Electric vehicle/ car(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHOWO D12 Engine Spare Parts Vg1246030015 Piston.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].2021 New Products Motor Power 800W Electric Trolley Tractor/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Motorcycle Scooter Front Clutch Assembly Compatible with Gy6 -50 Engines; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Cummins diesel engine 4918416 inline 5 diagnostic tool datalink adapter, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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1L 1.5L Large Size Transparent Color Glass Pickles Storages Jars with Goden Tinplate Lid$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Motorcycle Plane Bearing Spare Parts for Gy6 125-Oumurs, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)1L Aluminum Tin Can for Food Packaging . In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.1L Cone Top Tin Can with Screw Cap. Moreover,Gy6 -125 Motorcycle Spark Plug Cap Parts, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Mining Cement Stainless Steel 316L Protective Pressure Sensor, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (2D Echo Color Doppler Ultrasound Scanner Diagnostic Equipment), maintenance (2021 New Arrival Malaysian Eyebrow), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Scooter Parts), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Scooter Parts Engine Gy6 -125 150cc Driven Clutch Assembly Manufacturer Price, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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