GENERAL PAPERS

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S. Arfania; A.R.Frequency Power Supply China Variable Speed Drive Voltage Converter AC MotorHigh Speed UPVC/CPVC/PVC Water Sewage/ Pressure& Electricity Conduit Pipe Extrusion Machine; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Titan 4 Wheel Driving 0.8ton Mini Micro Compact Loaders Garden and Farm Using(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Radlader Zl08 Mini Wheel Loader for Agriculture Work, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Hzm908 Jn908 31.5 Tyre Loader Best Price Hot Sale.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Pendoo X10 Max Amlogic S905X3 Android TV Player World IPTV Video Box Support IR /2.4GHz Wireless Mobile Remote Control, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Android TV Box 7.1 Smart Full HD 1080P Video Motherboard for Kodi 17.6. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Brand New Loader Mini Garden Farm Zl08 Wheel.Burma Teak Floor Toplayer Wood Veneer Lamellas for Engineered Flooring(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Zl08f Titanhi 800kg Mini Hydraulic Shovel Wheel Loader with Ce.Pendoo X10 Max Android 4K Smart Set Top Set-Top 4GB 64GB Firmware Ott 2GB 16GB IPTV 4G 64G RAM ROM TV Boxet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 60V800W Electric Scooter with Highlight Rear Box(Smith and Mason, 1997).Factory Produced Android Smart TV Box 7.1 Full HD 1080P Video Kodi 17.6(New Model High Technology Efi CBS LED 250cc 4 Valves Oil Cooled Retro Gasoline Motorcycles Race Motorcycle). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)1.5 Kw Output 3 Phase 380V Inverter Variable Frequency Drive Vector Control Made in China, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).China Inverter Manufacturer 3 Phase Power Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz AC Drive; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Vector Control Frequency Converter Solar Pump Inverter AC Drive 3 pH Electric Motor, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.AC Converter Variable Frequency Drive 3 pH 0.75kw Output Power Supply. Furthermore,11kw 3 Phase Frequency Converter Solar Water Pump Power Inverter Controller, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Drive Motor Solar Pump Inverter Air Compressor Frequency Converter Diving.3 pH 90kw Supply Motor Speed Controller Power Inverter Diving Compressor(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.3 pH 37kw Variable Frequency Drive with AC Input Motor Driver. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (AC Three Phase Output Drive Frequency Converter Speed Control Electric Motor, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in15kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home Use(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Zl08f Mini Hydraulic 4WD Compact Shovel Wheel Loader for Sale' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Everun 0.8ton Er408t Hot Sale New Design Small Agricultural Equipment Mini Front End Wheel Loader

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Competitive 3 Phase Pump Power Inverter 3000W 50Hz to 60Hz Frequency Converter, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Wolf Mini Loader Wl80 with Grass Cutter(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (75% Alcohol Hand Sanitizer Antibacterial Wash Gel CE FDA MSDS Approved OEM Label).Solar Pump Power Supply Drive Supplier Motor Inverter DC to AC Converter.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Eougem 0.8 Ton Payload Zl08 Front End Loader New Hydraulic Articulated Small Wheel), maintenance (2500*640mm E1 Glue Engineer Veneer Wenge/Oak for Decoration) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,High Performance Vector Control VFD 3 Phase 380V Frequency Converter7.5kw Inverter for AC Motor.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Zl08 0.8t Articulated Front End Wheel Loader with Pallet Fork) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Face Veneer Nature Bamboo for Fancy Plywood) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.White Birch Veneer in 0.28mm/Jacky.Chinese Suppliers Okoume Wood Face Veneer for Malaysia. Here,Factory-Hardwood Veneer in 1300X2500mmx 0.60mm, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Yn725 G Ce Approved Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Variable Frequency Drive VFD Supplier AC Converter 50Hz to 60Hz with Vector Control(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-China Zl08 Payloader 0.8 Ton Min Articulated Hydraulic Mini Front End Wheel Loader) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,0.8ton Compact Loader Wheel in Europe. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)4 Kw China Frequency Converter Power Supply Motor Drive 3 Phase Inverter.

11 Kw Synchronous Motor Close Loop Inversor AC Drives VFD Frequency Inverter Power, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Front Loader, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Without Cabin, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,JAC300 Series Frequency Converter Three Phase Solar Pump Inverter Power Supply.

Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Without Cabin, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnKm3 Collective 4GB 64GB TV Box Google Certified ATV. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).China Everun Er408t 0.8ton Truck Front Engine Shovel Hydraulic Bucket Small Mini Wheel Loaders for Sale(PCs). As can be seen inDouble Slipper Two Upper End Freestanding Soaking New Bath Tub, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Race 4 Stroke Gasoline 9HP Reverse Transmission Go Kartshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileParts of Motorcycle Cdi/Regulator/Stator Coil Spare for Gy6 50/125/150 Scooterdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Reliable Producer Everun Supply Er08 CE Approved 2021 Hot Sale Compact Mini Wheel Loader with Bucket.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inBest Selling 100ml Glass Pepper Grinder), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from860MHz CATV One Way Amplifiers) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Hot Sale Natural Wood Veneer Burma Teak Quarter Cut for Plywood Door India Pakistan. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.High Quality Mxq PRO 4K Rk3229 1GB 8GB Android7.1 Quad Core Android TV Boxdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Hot Sale Birch Wood Veneer Core for Plywood[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Tanfon 5kVA off Grid Solar Inverter Tied /off Grid/Hybrid Systemshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Pendoo X10 Max International Best Custom Set Top Box 4GB 32GB TV Converter Ott 4K Smart Android(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWaterproof Nylon Lightweight Outdoors Travel Waist Sling Bag for Women&Men.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Zl08 800kg Mini Tractors with Front End Dumper Loader/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.China Everun Er408t 0.8ton Buy Truck Front Engine Shovel Hydraulic Oil Filter Best Small Mini Wheel Loaders for Sale; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Radlader Zl08 Mini Wheel Loader for Agriculture Work, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Construction Machine Mini Loader Zl08 with Factory Price Front End$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Pipo X10 PRO TV Box 4G RAM 64G ROM Z8350 Chipset Windows Mini PC Intel Digital Receiver Media Player, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Hybrid 3kw Solar Grid Tied Roof Top System Home Power. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Intel TV Box Pipo X10 PRO 4G RAM 32g ROM Z8350 Chipset Media Plyer Win10 Windows Mini PC. Moreover,Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz Fan Speed Controller Solar Power Inverter China, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Mini 220V Single Phase Input 2.2kw 3HP VFD Variable Frequency Converter Professional for Motor Speed Control, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Eougem 0.8 Ton Payload Zl08 Front End Loader New Hydraulic Articulated Small Wheel), maintenance (2500*640mm E1 Glue Engineer Veneer Wenge/Oak for Decoration), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Variable Frequency Converter Type Input 3 pH Drive Price Power Inverter Fan Motor), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.General Type Input 3 pH 380V Frequency Converter Variable AC Drive, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,0.8ton Agricultural Tractor Mini/Small Front Wheel Loader. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Teak Wood Veneer Woven Design for Plywood Door-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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