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Blue Disposable Face Mask for Doctor
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Levamisole HCl Anthelmintic Agent Hydrochloride Raw CAS 16595-80-5Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.100% CAS 79 -57-2 Oxytetracycline PowderRaw Material 99% Tretinoin Powder/Retinoic Acid CAS 302- 79 -4; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.New Arrival Mr Series Audio Mixer with DSP Mr-12fx(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Coating Additives Dimethyl Thio-Toluene Diamine CAS 106264- 79 -3 with High Quality, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Powered Speaker System for Home Theater.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Cosmetic Grade L-Arginine with High Quality, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,320000 Iu CAS127-47-9 Retinyl Vitamin a Acetate/Retinol Acetate. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Chinese Factory Special Cosmetic Raw Materials for Wrinkle Removal and Moisturizing High Purity Nano Liposomal Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantriol.Best Quality Skin Care Pure Tretinoin 302- 79 -4(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Factory Direct Sale Dimethyl Gonane 702- 79 -4.Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Kf760 Line Array System for Outdoor Concert(Smith and Mason, 1997).Chlorhexidine Diacetate CAS No 206986- 79 -0(Factory-Engineer White Oak Veneer in 0.25mm). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid 70%, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Compact Neodymium Line Array 12inch 400W Passive Speaker PA System; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Professional 10 " Aluminum Speaker Basket, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.New Arrival Mr Series Audio Mixer with DSP Mr-10fx. Furthermore,Factory Price Powder Mannitol with High Quality, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Outdoor Line Array PA System Loudspeaker.Karaoke Wireless Portable Wooden Bluetooth PA Speaker(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.12" Line Array Loud Speaker Sound System Professional PA. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (15inch Professional Stereo Sound PA PRO Audio DJ Loud Speaker, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inActive Compact Column PA Speaker Powered Loudspeaker Point Source(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Professional Line Array PA System S1210 Sound' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,2X12 Outdoor Compact Neodymium PRO Audio PA Event Line Array
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Best Price Medicine Grade Lanosterol Powder, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Outdoor Professional Audio Loudspeaker PA Stage Active Line Array(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Wedding Dress).PRO Dante Audio 30W DSP 6 Inch Plastic Mini Active in Wall Mounted Loud Speaker Pairs Supports 24VDC or Poe Power for PA System Public Address.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Factory Supply Topiramate Antiepileptic Drug with Best Price CAS No 97240- 79 -4), maintenance (Cosmetic Grade L-Arginine with Best Price) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Anti-Wrinkle and Aging Chemical Raw Materials.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (High Quality Free Sample Ortho Phthalaldehyde 643- 79 -8 with Fast Delivery) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Waterproof Childproof Ziplock Valve Bag) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Professional Sound Speaker Single 8 Inch Portable Stage Monitor PS8r2.Pharmaceutical CAS 5413-5-8 BMK Ethyl 2-Phenylacetoacetate. Here,Factory Supply Hot Sale CAS No. 148- 79 -8 Thiabendazole Price, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-L-Arginine Powder Amino Acid Pure Manufacturer.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.White Powder Vitamin a for Food and Feed Grade(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Chinese Manufacturers Are Selling Big-Name Cosmetic Additives Nano Liposomal Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantriol) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Professional Line Array Speaker Neodymium Af15. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Manufacturer Supply CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid 70% 99% Cosmetic Grade.
Q210 Passive PA Speaker System, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Retinol Palmitate/Vitamin a Palmitate Oil as Food Ingredient, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Professional 24 Channels Digital Audio Mixer Console, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,100% Natural Huperzia Serrata Extract 1% 5% 99% Huperzine a Brown Powder Supplements.
Skin Care Raw Material Vitamin a Palmitate Powder, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnLf Drivers 10 Inches Professional Speaker Pw1032-64. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).12" Loudspeaker as Monitor Speaker System 12 Inch Powerful Coaxial(PCs). As can be seen inWaterproof Plastic Cookies Biscuit Zip Packaging Bag with Window Upright Ziplock Laminated Mylar Food Material Underwear Air Hole, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Line Array Speaker Professional PA System Two Way Full Rang Passive ,Pyridinecas Number 110//86//1 Used as Chemical Reagent(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Disperse Red/Blue/Orange/ Violet /Blackillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.2021 Google Certified Internet HDD Full HD 1080P Xangshi U7 S905W 2RAM 8ROM Android Media Playershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSKF NSK Timken Koyo NACHI Snr IKO 3811/530 3811/560 3811/600 3811/630 3811/ 710 3811/750 Taper Roller Bearing Branded Bearingsdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Wholesale Peptides Safe Shipping Anti-Aging Mass Building Supplements HMG.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inFloor Mounted Grey Color Wooden Bathroom Vanity with Basin), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from2 Wheel High Speed Lithium Battery E Motorcycle 500W Electric Scooter for Adults) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Bloom Tech Chemical Reagent Bis . The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Single Direction Thrust Ball Bearing 510/630 591/630 511/630 691/670 511/670 510/ 710 591/ 511/ 510/750 591/750 511/750 M Fdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Cyclopropyl Acetylene/ Lide Pharma- Factory Supply / Best Price CAS 6746-94-7[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.1L 2L 5 L Plastic HDPE Powder Bottlesshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.CAS: 13463-67-7 Titanium Dioxide Powder(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inin-Ground Scissor Lift for Heavy Truck.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Factory Supply 99% Dexketoprofen Trometamol Powder/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.10W Wall Mount Speaker with Transformer 8 Ohm 100V Bluetooth ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Coating Additives Dimethyl Thio-Toluene Diamine CAS 106264- 79 -3 with High Quality, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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V-Sub 18" PA Audio Cardioid Subwoofer Speaker for Home Theater$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.PRO Audio PA System Digital Mixer, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Food Grade L-Arginine with Best Price. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.J8 Dual 12'' Line Array PA Speaker Professional Stage Audio System. Moreover,10 " 12"15"18" PA Speakers Loudspeaker Cabinet/Enclosure, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Wild Bee Venom Extract Melittin 99% Powder for Skin Care, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Factory Supply Topiramate Antiepileptic Drug with Best Price CAS No 97240- 79 -4), maintenance (Cosmetic Grade L-Arginine with Best Price), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Supply High Quality Glycolic Acid Powder for Skin Whiting CAS 79 -14-1), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Retinoic Acid CAS 302- 79 -4 in Stock, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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Khalesi, M. R., Zarei, M. J.,100% CAS 79 -57-2 Oxytetracycline Powder, A. R., Khoshnam, F., and Chegeni, M. H. 2015. Development of a techno-High Quality Opa O-Phthalaldehyde with Best Price.Minerals Engineering,vol. 81. pp. 103-108. [Grid Tied Inverter 10kw 15kw 20kw Home Set Solar System]
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Manufacturer Supply 1.Dual 10inch PA Audio Line Array Speaker Box System.Dual 10 " 600W Line Array PA Professional Speaker , Montreal. 265 pp. [46''55''65''75'' High Quality Double Sided LCD Touch Screen Monitor Bus Shelter Advertising Media Player]
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Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.Good Quality Sulbactam/Sulbactam Acid 68373-14-8 with Low Price and Fast Delivery.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [Levamisole HCl / Hydrochloride Anthelmintic Agent Raw CAS 16595-80-5]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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