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Heart Star Wing Diamond Nail Art Small Sticker
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
China Supplier Ophthalmic Equipment Ultrasound Ab ScanCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Electric Scooter Motorcycle/Electric Moto Popular Motorcycle CE Approval 1000WEnglish Firmware Huawei Hg8346m Optical Network Terminal Gpon ONU Ont 4port Epon 4fe; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.AC to Drive 380V Frequency Inverter 4kw(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Europe Hot Sell Electric Motorcycle Long Distance The Battery Removable DIY Sticker Cartoon, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.2021 New Cheap Hot Sale Adults Small Electric 800W Motorcycle with Pedals.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
China Hot Sale Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter 1.5kw 220V, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Small Fquequency Inverter/Converter for Mini Motor. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,1.5kw 1HP AC Frequency Inverter.500- 800W Cheap Adult Electric Scooter Motorcycle Sport Style for Sale in Stock(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin.Jarol Frequency Inverter with High Quality et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Two-Way Full Range 1000W Professional Power Speaker(Smith and Mason, 1997).Linyi 9mm/12mm/15mm/18mm Pine/Bintangor/Okoume Film Faced Plywood(2.4/ 5GHz Dual Band H-Pol Sector Antenna). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)China Hot Sale Frequency Converter/Inverter 380V 50/60Hz, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Residential Grid Tied 6kw Solar Power System for Home; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Best Factory China Environmentally Friendly 800W CE Certification Electric Motorcycle for Adult, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Good Quality Factory Directly Electric Motorcycle 800W 1000W 60V for Adults. Furthermore,on Grid Solar Panel System 30kw Tied Home Power, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Tractor loader/ mini loader with four wheels for loading.2021 60V 20ah EEC Motorcycle Electric Moped Scooter 500/ 800W Motorbike(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Chinese Industrial Titan Small 0.8 Ton Articulated Earth Mover Euro Auto Mini Farm Truck Wheel Tractor Front End Loader for Sale. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Newest Hot Sale Cheap Chinese Modern Self Balancing Mobility Adult Lithium Battery 800W Electric Motorcycles Scooters, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inYinherb Supply Pharmaceutical Raw Materials CAS 977- 79 -7 Medrogestone Powder(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Three Phase Frequency Inverter Made in China Hot Sale' names:
►0.8ton mini wheel loader with small bucket for multifunctional use: based on 36-foot,Wuxi Electric Scooters New Cheap Model 60V 20ah 800W Motorcycle for Adult,2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle with Lead Battery,Solar Panel System 20kw Grid Tied Power for Home, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,5kw Solar-Diesel Generation Hybrid Grid- Tied Power System
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Global Certificated 30kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Commercial Projects, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),2852 Alicosolar Solar Energy System 10kw 5kw Power Home 15kw Grid Tied(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Swamp Track Shoes for Caterpillar Komatsu Dozer Undercarriage Spare Parts).Cheap Commercial Plywood for Construction Decoration and Furniture Use.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Kodi TV Box Fully Loaded Chrome Android 9.1 OS T95 Max H6 4G 32g Internet Satellite), maintenance (Solar Panel System 20kw Grid Tied Home Power 20 Kw Energy) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,20kw Grid Tied Solar System.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Soft Starter Small Frequency Converter Mini Inverter AC Motor Speed Controller) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Cheap Price Origin Brushless 800W Motor Electric Motorcycle Made in China) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Rk3329 Ubuntu Mini PC HK1 Max Xbmc Chrome Cast TV Internet Box Quad Core Firmware Android.220VDC to 220VAC Variable Frequency Inverter. Here,Solar Pump Inverter 1.5kw AC Drive Frequency Welding Machine, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Electrical VFD Frequency Inverter Three Phase 220V 380V 7.5/11kw for Solar Pump.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-380V 400Hz 3p AC Drive Hot 15kw Frequency Converter) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Single Phase Input and Output 220V Able 640 Static Frequency Converter 400Hz. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)3 Phase Mini AC DC Frequency Inverter Motor Speed Controller Power Supply 5.5kw-110kw.
VFD Frequency Converter Inverter for Constant Pressure Water Supply, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (AC Drive Solar Pump Inverter 220V 380V Three Phase Inverters, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
7.5HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pump, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,large cabin and powerful engine Customized 0.8ton mini wheel loader.
Qingzhou 0.8ton Shovel Loader Small Front with Bucket for Sale, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnEougem 0.8ton Articulated Payloader Zl08 with Changchai Engine. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).AL908 0.8ton Wheel Loader Machinery for Sale(PCs). As can be seen inPA Horn Loaded Speaker Professional Loudspeaker, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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800kg China Small Front High Quality Wheel Loader for Sale in Europe,Melamine Glue WBP Commerical Plywood(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Natural Wood Sapele Veneer Plywood for Furniture Gradeillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.220V 80A 50Hz Portable Lithium Battery Generator Charger with 3.8kwh for Appliances Rated Power Under 1500W Outdoor & Indoor Useshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileGuaranteed 99% Sarms Steroids Supplements Mk-677 UK Shipping Freedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Decorative Pine Groove Plywood Veneer Fancy.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in13m Length Steel P460nl1 P460nh Products Galvanized Pickle Polished for Flat Sheets), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromDiesel Engine Eim630-465 12V Eim630-466 24V 258 -9755 PCB650-091 650-092 Generator PCB Controller Panel Circuit Board Interface Module Speed) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.18mm Brown Film Faced Finger Jointed Plywood for Concrete Formwork. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Excellent Quality CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated Film Sunmidedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,18mm Embossed Melamine Faced Commercial Plywood for Furniture Making[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.BMW N63 S63 Camshaft Alignment Tool Set shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Filmfaced Plywood with High Quality and Cheap Price(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inTungsten Carbide Wire Drawing Dies Type S13 for Sale.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].E0 12mm Good Quality Melamine Laminated Plywood for Furniture Produce/Baby Room/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.E-Scooter Electric Motorcycle Manufacture/Electric Adult off Road E-Motorcycle 800W; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Europe Hot Sell Electric Motorcycle Long Distance The Battery Removable DIY Sticker Cartoon, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
AC Drive. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Hot Sale 60V 800W Brushless Motor Two Wheel Electric Motorcycle, indicated inTire Brands to Avoid 2.50- 17 Solid Tire., and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Sell Well 800W 60V Electric Motorcycle for Daily Riding$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.China Reliable Quality 3.7kw 3-Phase Solar Water Pump Inverter for Irrigation System, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)15kw Grid Tied Solar System. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Rosen 8kw Grid Tied on Solar Panel System. Moreover,0.5HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pump, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (12kw Grid Tied Complete Set Easy Installation Solar Energy System for Home Use or Industrial, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Kodi TV Box Fully Loaded Chrome Android 9.1 OS T95 Max H6 4G 32g Internet Satellite), maintenance (Solar Panel System 20kw Grid Tied Home Power 20 Kw Energy), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Grid Tied 11kw Solar Panel System Home Commercial Power Supply), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.5kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home Use, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,12kw Grid Tied Solar System. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Chinese Frequency AC Drive Pure Sine Wave Inverter Mini Water Pump Motor Controller-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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