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Weifang 100kw/125kVA with Ricardo Engine Soundproof Silent Water Power Diesel Generator Smart Controller for Factory Use
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Toothbrush Material Pellets Raw Granules Anti-Static Yellow Antistatic Masterbatch Customized Home ApplianceCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.3 pH 11kw Chinese AC Control Frequence Inverter Variable Speed Drive Power Converter10 " Dia Cast Aluminum Professional Subwoofer Basket; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Water Proof Vet Ultrasound Scanner(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Three Phase Vector Frequence Converter with High Performance, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for BMW 1/2/3/4/5/6/7 Series.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
16"X6.0" 16'x7.0' 16X8.0 16X10 Trailer Steel Rim Wheel, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,AC Drive Frequnce Converter Frequence Inverter Manufacturer Supplier. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,14"X5.0"J 14'x5.5'j 14X6.0j 14X7.0j Inch Steel Wheel for Sport Trailer.Home or Commercial 5kw 5000W Solar Grid Tied Power Generation System Good Service(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Eougem Zl08 0.8 Ton Mini/Small Articulated Hydraulic Mini Front End Loader.Best Price Ultrasound Scanner Wireless Probe Double Heads 3 in 1 Cardiac / Convex Linear Color Doppler for Adriod/iPadet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Yinherb Supply Pharmaceutical Raw Materials CAS 977- 79 -7 Medrogestone Powder(Smith and Mason, 1997).Ultrasonic a B Scan Ophthalmic Eye Ultrasound Scanner with Low Price(300cc Five Wheel Gas Cargo 3 Motorcycle for Adults ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Ce Approved Medical Portable Bone Densitometer Ultrasound Machine , Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Vitreous Hemorrhage ; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,500kw on Grid Tied Hybrid Solar Power Plant Station System, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.High Quality Classic China Motor Cargo Three Wheel Motorcycle . Furthermore,Motorcycle with Dryweight 120-220kg, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Ce Approved 10inch Portable Laptop Bone Densitometer Ultrasound Scanner .Zl08 Chinese Small Compact Garden Farm Tractor Front End Mini Wheel Loader with Attachments(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.B5 200cc 250cc 300cc Cargo Tricycle with Cabin Motorcycle Three Wheel Loncin Zongshen Lifan Engine. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Growatt 50000W 60000W 70000W 80000W Grid Tied Solar Inverter, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inCustom Plastic Food Contact Packaging Bags(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Hot Selling Tricycle 250cc/ 300cc Three Wheel Motorcycle' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,China Supplier Ophthalmic Equipment Ultrasound Ab Scan
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Vimode Electric Scooter Adult Motorcycle for Adults 800W, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),150cc/200cc/250cc / 300cc Three Wheel Cargo Motorcycle /Tricycle(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (4-20mA 0~5VDC Pressure Sensor Transmitter RS485 Price).Heavy Duty Tricycle 250cc.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Electric Motorcycle Fashion Design 800W with Removable Battery), maintenance (City Scooter 800W Long Range Electric) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,800W Electric Scooter Motorcycle Bicycle with Folding Rack.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Wholesale Adult Tricycle Price Adults Tuk Motorcycle in India) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Sporty 500W/ 800W /1000W) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.5GHz 10dBi Outdoor WiFi Omni Antenna .Ho-500 Ce Approved High Quality Eye Diagnosis System Ophthalmic Ultrasound Scanner. Here,Market Hot Two Wheel 800W 72V 32ah Electric Scooter/Motorcycle From China, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Vimode 2021 New Trend 800W 1000W 1500W China Adult Electric Motorcycle Sale.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Police Motorcycle 250cc(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-125cc Scooter EEC Popular Motor Alex) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,250cc Three Wheel Cargo Motor Tricycle . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Motorbicycle with Stable Wheels.
2021 60km/H Electric/Pull Starting System 4 Stroke 150cc Adult Gasolina Gokart Kart Racing Go for Sale Cheap, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Scooter with Stable Function and Nice Outside Looking, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Motorcyle for Both Oil and Water Cooling, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,150cc China Gas Motor Cargo Trike for Sale .
Sw-1000p Ophthalmic Pachymeter, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnMoped Motorbike Scooter Dirt Street Bike Gas 50cc 125cc Petrol Motor Gasoline Cub EEC & Coc 2 Wheel Racing Motorcycle F66 . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).24 Modules Fixed Head End CATV Modulator(PCs). As can be seen inDisc Atc Automatic Tools Changer Wood CNC Router Woodworking Machine, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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5GHz Parabolic Grid Antenna 24dBi,5GHz 30dBi Mimo Dish Antennas(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Packaging Bag Customized Hot Stamping Printed Bags with Your Own Logo or Design MOQ 1illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.6mm Raw Plain MDF ISO9001/ Carb for Decorationshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while200ml Flat Shoulder Plastic HDPE Black Shampoo Bottledemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,China Factory Supplier Ophthalmic Equipment Ab Scan.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inWash Free 70% Alcohol Gel Pocket Hand Sanitizer with MSDS Certificate), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromNew Mini Willys Jeep Available on 110cc) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.24 Channels Fixed Modulator. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.AL908 800kg Rated Load Wheel Loader with CE Approved for Saledemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna 2*17dBi[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.PRO Dante Audio 30W DSP 6 Inch Plastic Mini Active in Wall Mounted Loud Speaker Pairs Supports 24VDC or Poe Power for PA System Public Addressshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.12" 13 Inch Aluminum Alloy and Steel Wheel for Minicar(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inIP65 Waterproof Wireless Security Outdoor Solar Street Light Motion Sensor 60 LED Wall for Garden.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Best Price Sab-500 Ophtalmic Ab Scan/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Portable Full Digital Ophthalmic a/B Ultrasound Scanner Mslmd25; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Three Phase Vector Frequence Converter with High Performance, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Ho-500 High Quality Ophthalmic Ultrasound Eye Diagnosis System$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Jaguar Xe/Xf/Xj/E-Pace/F-Pace/F-Type, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Ophthalmic Equipment Biometer Scan a. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.0-20dB 75 Ohm CATV Variable Adjustable Attenuator Equalizer. Moreover,860MHz CATV One Way Amplifiers, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (CATV Mini Line Extending 2-Way Amplifer, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Electric Motorcycle Fashion Design 800W with Removable Battery), maintenance (City Scooter 800W Long Range Electric), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,20MHz Probe Ophthalmology Ultrasound MD-2300S), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.860MHz Two Way Amplifier , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Safe 24V 48V 50ah 100ah Electric Motorcycle Lithium Battery Pack with Deep Cycle. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Ophthalmic a Scan Portable Handheld Biometer-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Scooter with Stable Function and Nice Outside Looking, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Cone Top 1 Liter Glue Usage Tin Can.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Plastic PVC|PE|PP|PPR|Agriculture Water|Gas|Irrigation Pipe|Faux Marble Sheet|Foam Board Floor|Roofing Tile|Extruder|Extrusion Making Machine Production Line]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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