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Small Perfume Bottle for Fragrance Testing
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
9mm E1 Glue Bintangor Plywood BoardCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.White Crystalline Powder Tiletamine HCl Bulk Price 14176-50-2 USA Veterinary AnestheticGood Packed Bottle PE Film Shrink Wrapping Machine China; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Mule Deer Tranquilizer First Choice Tiletamine HCl Injection Free Sample 14176-50-2(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Purity Ethylamine HCl, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Steel Circle for PA Speaker Parts 16*3h .
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
PA Speaker Cabinet Accessories , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Professional Audio Loudspeaker PA Stage Active Line Array. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,PA Speaker Accessories and Parts .PA System with Rigging Shackle Hardware Parts M25 (Khalesiet al.,2015).
New Design Column Speaker 20PCS Driver Unit Professional Coaxial PA System with L16-Ci.Professional Self-Powered Subwoofer Indoor Outdoor PA Sstem DSP Bass Speaker Vk10SAet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Diase Professional Speaker Vt-4887 Three Way Dual 8inch Line Array(Smith and Mason, 1997).Power Column Speaker PA System(2 X HDMI). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Speaker Wall Mounting Bracket , Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Single 18'' High Power Speaker Subwoofer; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Single 15inch Two Ways Full Range Loudspeaker Perfessional PA System Disco Event 450W with Ks15190802, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.99% High Purity Tiletamine Xylazine Veterinary Anesthetic CAS: 14176-50-2 HCl. Furthermore,Chinese Top Veterinary Anesthesia Injection Solution Xylazine Hydrochloride Wholesales CAS: 23076-35-9, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Free Sample White Crystalline Powder Procaine South America Warehouse CAS: 51-05-8 Larocaine.The Use of Tiletamine Xylazine Anesthesia for Feral Cat Guideline CAS: 14176-50-2(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Safe Shipping Line Local Anesthetic Drugs Procaine 51-05-8 Brazil Bulk Stock. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (67-63-0 Pharmaceutical Intermediates Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHot Wholesale 1L /2L/3L Laundry Liquid Detergent Bottle(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;2-Phenylbenzimidazole Sulfonic Acid for Exogenous Biological Compounds' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Wall Amplifier Bluetooth Home Theater Amplifiers Mini with 6'' in Ceiling Speaker Audio Amplificador AMP Bgm Bacground Music Host Wireless Remote Control
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,12"Neodymium Loudspeaker for Line Array Speakers or PA in Professional Audio Equipments, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),PRO Audio with Tweeter Horn for Line Array (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Customized Shock Resistant Packaging Poly Air Bubble Mailer Bag).Manufacturers Supply Top Quality Larocaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 94-15-5.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Procaine Ester Anesthetic Skin Surface Anesthesia Top Quality HCl Powder), maintenance (GMP Factory Supply High Quality Anesthesia Levobupivacaine Pain Release CAS: 27262-48-2) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Professional Audio Loudspeaker Vt312 Dual 12 Inch Stadium PA Speaker.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa for Dehydrating Agent and Cleaning 67-63-0) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Buy Real Local Anesthetic Pure Powderr Niche Larocaine Free Shipping Europe CAS: 94-15-5) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.High Purity Local Anesthetic Larocaine Powder CAS: 94-15-5 UK Hot Sales.Safe Delivery High Purity Raw Materials Larocaine USP 42 South American Warehouse. Here,Free Sample China Top Local Anesthetic Larocaine USA Warehouse CAS: 94-15-5, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Speaker Wall Mount Bracket for PRO Audio Steel 134.8L*90W*160h .
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.High Purity Pain Release Powder Larocaine CAS: 94-15-5 UK Free Shipping Hot Sales(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-New Design Source Column Speaker 6X6.5inch B&C Imported Driver Unit PA Line Array Subwoofer with Novi) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,New Professional Coaxial Line Array Column Speaker 20PCS Driver Unit PA System with L16-Ci. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)PA System Single 18" Sub Bass Speaker Low Pitch Subwoofer with Wa118.
Home Theater PA PRO Audio Speaker, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (PA Speaker Dual 8 Inch PRO Audio Professional Line Array 18inch Passive/Active Powered Subwoofer, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Professional Audio Kara Line Array, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array System PA Speaker.
Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Bupivacaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 14252-80-3, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnProfessional Audio Signal 8" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA System with Tq8. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Fdb Audio Double 6 Inch Line Array Speaker Professional Outdoor PA System(PCs). As can be seen inMBN1503 PA Woofer , neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Cheap Price Speaker Wall Mount Bracket ,Best Quality Novocaine Procaine Raw Materials for Pain Release Bulk Price CAS: 51-05-8(CSFM) is presented here as an example.High Purity Retinol Palmitate Powderillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.1-Bromo-3shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileWorld IPTV M3u Subscription 1 Year for Arabic Netherlands Malta Austria Bulgaria Romania Egypt Croatia Africa 9600 Channels Smart TV Android Appledemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Buy Prilocaine Hydrochloride Local Anesthetic Powder Factory Wholesales Price CAS: 1786-81-8.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inAutomatic Honey/Paste/Ketchup Sachet Packing Machine), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromChild Resistant Waterproof Plastic Bag with Zipper) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.High Quality Veterinary Grade USP Furaltadone HCl/ Hydrochloride. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Handheld Double Heads WiFi Wireless Ultrasound Color Doppler Probe for iPhone/iPad/Android/Iosdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,High Quality Lidocaine Hydrochloride / HCl CAS 73-78-9[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.V5.0 Fashion Mini Twins Wireless Bluetooth Earphone with Microphoneshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Steel Wall Bracket for Speaker with Quick Release Pin (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inMetal Winner Arts Crafts Enamel Russian Medal for Valor Custom High Quality 2D/3D Gold Souvenir Sport.
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Cost model for variable-Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Procaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 51-05-8
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].CAS No.: 67-63-0 Senior Quality Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.99% Pure Powder Novocaine Procaine Factory Bulk Stock CAS: 51-05-8 Europe Free Sample; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Purity Ethylamine HCl, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Free Sample Local Anesthetic Novocaine Painkiller Cream Solution Procaine CAS: 51-05-8. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Pain Release Best Oral Capsules Procaine Pure Raw Materials Novocaine CAS: 51-05-8, indicated inThe Newest 110cc 125cc 150cc Toyota Mini Buggy , and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Tetracaine HCl CAS136-47-0$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Factory Wholesales Painkiller Solutions Free Sample Novocaine CAS: 51-05-8 Canada Procaine Promotion, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)CAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Benzocaine CAS 94-09-7 Tetracaine HCl Lidocaine Sell 136-47-0. Moreover,Melamine Molding Powder for Making Tableware Dishware China, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Professional Self-Powered Active Bass Speaker Subwoofer Single 18inch PA Audio System 800W Vs18s20, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Procaine Ester Anesthetic Skin Surface Anesthesia Top Quality HCl Powder), maintenance (GMP Factory Supply High Quality Anesthesia Levobupivacaine Pain Release CAS: 27262-48-2), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,8X4" Active Column PA Speaker), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Chinese Lidocaine Hydrochloride CAS 73-78-9 HCl, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Professional Speaker with Hanging Hardware Parts Horizontal . Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.PA Power DJ Audio Speaker-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Mular, A.L. 1982.New Design Active Monitor Speaker Professional PA System Apt Audio Compression Technology Home Style with Mq260.CAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol .PA Speaker Parts of T24 12 Inch , Montreal. 265 pp. [Best Selling! 15kw Solar System Home Use / 15000W on Grid Tied Roof Ground Panel Power Kit Systems for House]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.PA Speaker with Horn Parts 210L*62W*105h 1"X2 .PA Speaker Dual 12 Inch 3-Way PRO Audio Professional Line Array.PA Speaker Parts of T24 12 Inch , Montreal. 319 pp. [Dual 10 " Compact Professional Line Array ]
Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.CAS No.: 67-63-0 Colorless Transparent Liquid Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [WiFi Miracast Dongle Anycast M2 Linux Based Airplay TV Receiver]
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Pascoe, R.D. 1992. Capital and operating costs of minerals engineering plants:Cheap Price PA Speaker of Line Array Rigging 8 Inch .Minerals Engineering,vol. 5, no. 8. pp. 883-893. [Safe Shipping with Good Price Tretinoin Powder]
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USBM. 1987.China Exwork Price Emla Cream Raw Materials Lidocaine Prilocaine Local Anesthetic Powder CAS: 1786-81-8,99% Amide Type Lidocaine Prilocaine Cream USP 2.5% Local Anesthetic Raw Powder CAS: 1786-81-8-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Wholesale Mens 100% Cotton Fashion Zipper Design Travel Drawstring Hoodies/ Sweatshirt with Multi Functional Pockets]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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