GENERAL PAPERS

150cc Go Kart with EEC Cost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.VFD AC 380V 1.5kw Three Phase Inverter Frequency Converter Variable DriveVitamin a Acid/ Tretinoin CAS: 302- 79 -4 for Skin Disease with Fast Delivery; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Variable Speed Drive MPPT Motor Controller Solar Pump Inverter Power Supply(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Compact Mini Farm Loader 800kg Wheel for Sale, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Frequency China Vector Control AC Drive Power Supply Inverter Solar Converter.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

0.8ton Zl08f Small Wheel Loader, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Loading Machine. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Mini Radlader with Ce for Germany and Sweden Market.China Compact Payloader Zl08 Mini Front End Wheel Loader with Ce(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Farm Equipment 800kg Small Loader Payloader for Sale.Three Phase AC Variable Speed Frequency Converter Fan Motor Pump Controlleret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Lat210A Srx700 Series PA Sound System Professional Speakers(Smith and Mason, 1997).0.8t Multifunctional Hydraulic Wheel Loader for Farm(Small Frequency Inverter 380V 50/60Hz). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Android TV Box X96 Air 4GB 32GB Media Player, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).China Articulated Wheel Loader Mr 908 Euro Style 800kg /0.8ton Mini for Sale; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Construction Equipment Mini Wheel Loader with Quick Hitch, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Avant Zl08f Mini Wheel Loader for Sale. Furthermore,Chinese Mini Radlader 800kg Wheel Loader with Pirce, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Frequency Converter 0.5 HP.125HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pump(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Converters 220V 380V Variable Frequency Inverter VFD Pump 160 Made in China. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (AC Board China Vector Control 60Hz to 50Hz VFD Drive Price, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inGood Wear Resistance and High Tenacity Engineering Plastic 610 for Brush Wire(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Frequency Converter Three Phase Variable Speed Drive 220kw Generator Air Pump' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Amlogic S905X3 X96 Air 2g 16g Android 9.0 Media Player

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Customized Supported Android 9.0 X96 Air Media Box, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Mini Loader/Small Wheel Loader Zl08 with CE(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Cold-drawn wire Swch10A for the production of rivets and screws).China Original Mini Bucket 0.8ton Wheel Loader Yz908 Construction Equipment.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Small Wheel Loader Zl08 CE), maintenance (Mini Small Hot Sale in Europe Wheel Loader for) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Supper Mini Wheel Loader Hzm908 Zl08f 0.8ton Compat Small Backhoe.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Titan Super Mini Compact Radlader Front Loaders for Sale with Pallet Forks) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (AC Drive Output and Triple Frequency Converter 60 Hz 50 Power Supply) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Titan Brand 0.8 Ton Farm Garden Use Mini Smalll Wheel Loader for Sale.Mini Wheel Loader Hot Sale with Pallet Fork Zl908. Here,220V 3HP Frequency Converter, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-AC Frequency Converter2HP 1phase.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.China Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive 7.5kw Inverter Three Phase Power Save(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Electric Motor AC Output Power and Triple Frequency Converter VFD Drive Inverter) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Supprot OEM Software Android 9.1 Rk3228 2GB and 16GB Wholesale TV Boxes. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Articulated Compact Small Mini Wheeled Dumper Loader.

Zl08f Wheel Loaders with Ce Farm 0.8 Ton Tractor Mini/Small Compact, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (7.5HP Frequency Converter Vector, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

New Design Converter 220V 380V DC AC Inverter Motor Pump VFD Power High Quality, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Factory Price 0.8 Ton Best Cheap Mini Compact Wheel Loader with Ce.

Mammut Hot Sale Wl12 1ton Electric Control Mini Front End Wheel Loader, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnG52 Gt-King Controls Android Pendoo Freesat 9.0 Smart 64GB Recarga Octa Core TV Box 4K. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Variable Frequency Drive Inverter Manufacturer 3 pH Power Saver AC Synchronous Motor(PCs). As can be seen inSolar Energy Systems 3000W for Panel System Home 3kw off Grid Tied Power 5kw 7kw 10kw, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Zl08f Mini Small Farm Compact Tractor Wheel Loader with Standard Bucket,Zl08f Mini/Small Farm Garden Compact Tractor Wheel Loader with Best Price(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Water Cooled Diesel Engine Color Custom for Power Generator Setillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Pharmaceutical Grade Anesthetic Powder Bupivacaine Brazil Warehouse CAS: 14252-80-3shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileAC Drive Frequnce Converter 5.5kw Pump Use demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,OEM/ODM T95 Allwinner H616 Android 10.0 6K 4GB 32GB Box 4K Remote Control Smart TV.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inDouble Layer Stainless Steel Water Vacuum Sealed Mug Cup 30oz 20oz 14oz Thermos Thermal Tumbler), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromL-Arginine 99%) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Eougem Zl-08 0.8 Ton Chinese Mini Radlader Manufacturer 0.45m3 Bucket Loader. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Lithium Battery Brushless Adult Bike 350W 400W 500W 48V Electric Motorcycledemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Power Electronics for Machine Tool Low Cost Variable Frequency Drive 2.2kw[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Cylindrical Roller Bearing N19/ 710 Nu19/ Nup19/ Apply for Large and Medium-Sized Electric Motorshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.50Hz 60Hz 220V/380V Vector Control AC Variable Frequency Drive(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inIndoor Full Colour P1.95 LED Screen Video Wall Rental Display.

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Cost model for variable-Inverter AC Drive

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Power and Triple Output Type Static Electric Motor AC Inverter Solar Speed Control/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Small Compact Front Wheel Loader / Zl08 Farm Garden Mini; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Compact Mini Farm Loader 800kg Wheel for Sale, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Frequency Converter Variable Drive 50Hz to 60Hz 2HP 2. Kw 1 Phase$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.800kg Farm Mini Loader Chargeur Minilader Cargador, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Titan Brand Mini Small Chargeur De Roues Radlader Gommata Carregador Roda Cargador Ruedaschargeur Tracteur Traktorlader Caricatore Trattore D. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.VFD 0.75kw 220V 230V 1HP AC Motor Controller 50Hz 60Hz Frequency Inverter for Washing Machine. Moreover,Radlader Zl08 Wheel Loader for Sale Mini Articulated, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Customized Bintangor Plywood Face Veneer of Commercial, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Small Wheel Loader Zl08 CE), maintenance (Mini Small Hot Sale in Europe Wheel Loader for), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Dual Core L55 Freesat IPTV Morocco Installato DVB Set Top Gospel Price DDR4 IP 4K TV Box Android), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.0.18mm Engineered Wood Face Veneer, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,4K J45 128GB Stick Firmware Download User Manual for Cable Junction Android TV Box. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Dyed Skateboard Veneer-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

AC Drive Frequnce Converter Frequence Inverter Manufacturer SupplierGo Kart Corresponding author