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vol.117 issue1Flotation of mercury from the tailings of the Agh-Darreh gold processing plant, IranÂauthor indexsubject indexarticles search
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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Quality Aod-9604 CAS 221231-10-3 Aod 9604 Peptides 2mg for Loss Weight(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,CAS 79 -57-2 Oxytetracycline, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Azd3759 CAS No. 1626387-81-2.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

Food Additives L-Arginine with Top Quality, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Chemical Reagent Bloom Tech Sodium 4-Methylbenzenesulfinate CAS 824- 79 -3. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,99% Purity 1.PT141 Factory Supply Best Quality Peptide Powder 10mg for Aphrodisiac(Khalesiet al.,2015).

High-Purity Cosmetic Additives Nano Liposomal Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantriol China Factory Direct Sales.2-Aminoanthraquinone CAS No 117- 79 -3et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for ASTM A789 S32750 Uns Super Duplex Stainless Steel Pipe(Smith and Mason, 1997).High Quality Tretinoin 302- 79 -4 with Good Price(Rompun White Crystalline Xylazine Pure Powder CAS: 23076-35-9 Europe Free Shipping). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)3-Amino-4-Pyrazolecarboxamide Hemisulfate Salt CAS No 27511- 79 -1, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Free Sample Ortho Phthalaldehyde 643- 79 -8 with Fast Delivery Manufacture in China; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,High Fidelity Professional Line Array Speaker , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.N. Furthermore,Vitamin a Palmitate CAS 79 -81-2, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-IP PA System 6 Inch 15W SIP Poe Ceiling Speaker with Built-in Monitoring Microphone and Dry Contact in out.Best Price Diclofenac Sodium with High Quality(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.40wx2 10 " Portable PS Series Party Speaker. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (100% CAS 79 -57-2 Oxytetracycline Powder, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inWall Amplifier Bluetooth Home Theater Amplifiers Mini with 6'' in Ceiling Speaker Audio Amplificador AMP Bgm Bacground Music Host Wireless Remote Control(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;New Arrival Mr Series Audio Mixer with DSP Mr-12fx' names:

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Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Chinese Factory Special Cosmetic Raw Materials for Wrinkle Removal and Moisturizing High Purity Nano Liposomal Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantriol

Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Best Quality Skin Care Pure Tretinoin 302- 79 -4, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Factory Direct Sale Dimethyl Gonane 702- 79 -4(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Nail Product Glue Colors Color Card Empty Gel Polish Beauty Decoration Display with Tips Tool Art).Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Chlorhexidine Diacetate CAS No 206986- 79 -0), maintenance (CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid 70%) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Compact Neodymium Line Array 12inch 400W Passive Speaker PA System.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Professional 10 " Aluminum Speaker Basket) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (New Arrival Mr Series Audio Mixer with DSP Mr-10fx) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Factory Price Powder Mannitol with High Quality.Outdoor Line Array PA System Loudspeaker. Here,Karaoke Wireless Portable Wooden Bluetooth PA Speaker, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-12" Line Array Loud Speaker Sound System Professional PA.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.15inch Professional Stereo Sound PA PRO Audio DJ Loud Speaker(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Professional Line Array PA System S1210 Sound) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Cosmetic Material 99% Purity Tretinoin Powder. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)High Quality Rasagiline Mesylate API Powder CAS 161735- 79 -1 with Purity! !.

Spts, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (High Power DJ Sound Equipment System Line Array PA Speaker, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

2X12 Outdoor Compact Neodymium PRO Audio PA Event Line Array, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Best Price Medicine Grade Lanosterol Powder.

Outdoor Professional Audio Loudspeaker PA Stage Active Line Array, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnPRO Dante Audio 30W DSP 6 Inch Plastic Mini Active in Wall Mounted Loud Speaker Pairs Supports 24VDC or Poe Power for PA System Public Address. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Factory Supply Topiramate Antiepileptic Drug with Best Price CAS No 97240- 79 -4(PCs). As can be seen inJ8 Dual 12'' Line Array PA Speaker Professional Stage Audio System, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Active Monitor Speaker Professional PA System Aptaudio Compression Technology with Mq250190801shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileActive 10 " Line Array with Calss-D Amplifier and Built-in DSPdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Waterproof Childproof Ziplock Valve Bag.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inInternational Express Service DHL/UPS/FedEx/TNT/Aramex Shipping Agent From China to Slovak/Hungary/Austria Europe), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromIP68 Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Pharmaceutical CAS 5413-5-8 BMK Ethyl 2-Phenylacetoacetate. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Manufacturer Wholesales Exwork Price for Local Anesthetic Lidocaine Base 137-58-6 Vietnam Xylocainedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Factory Supply Hot Sale CAS No. 148- 79 -8 Thiabendazole Price[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.China 300cc Adult Road Legal 2 Seat Pedal Go Kartshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.L-Arginine Powder Amino Acid Pure Manufacturer(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in80ml Pocket Hand Sanitizer Gallon Liquid.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Chinese Manufacturers Are Selling Big-Name Cosmetic Additives Nano Liposomal Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantriol/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Professional Line Array Speaker Neodymium Af15; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,CAS 79 -57-2 Oxytetracycline, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Retinol Palmitate/Vitamin a Palmitate Oil as Food Ingredient$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Professional 24 Channels Digital Audio Mixer Console, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)100% Natural Huperzia Serrata Extract 1% 5% 99% Huperzine a Brown Powder Supplements. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Skin Care Raw Material Vitamin a Palmitate Powder. Moreover,Lf Drivers 10 Inches Professional Speaker Pw1032-64, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (12" Loudspeaker as Monitor Speaker System 12 Inch Powerful Coaxial, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Chlorhexidine Diacetate CAS No 206986- 79 -0), maintenance (CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid 70%), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Made in China PA Speaker System Three Way Loudspeakers), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Line Array Speaker Professional PA System Two Way Full Rang Passive , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R2,Pyridinecas Number 110//86//1 Used as Chemical Reagent. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Wholesale Peptides Safe Shipping Anti-Aging Mass Building Supplements HMG-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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