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S. Arfania; A.R.B&C Kas 10 Inch Subwoofer Sound System Line Array Box Bass PRO Speaker20MHz Thermal RF Wrinkle Removal Beauty Machine; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.PRO Audio Double 10 Inch Line Array Speaker Professional Outdoor PA System(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Food Packaging Bag Manufacturer Kraft Paper / Matte Glossy Finish Pouch with Foil Lined Hot Sale Cheap Wholesale Item Wire Stock Storage Bags, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Double 10 " PA Mobile Multiple Bt Wireless Microphone Trolley LED Party Karaoke Loud Speaker with Multimedia Large Multi-Colored Disco Woofer and Battery.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

All Trans Retinoic Acid 99.5% 100g Bag High Crystal CAS: 302- 79 -4, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Line Array Speaker PRO Audio System 10'' Neodymium Loudspeaker. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Professional Audio Speaker System Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Big Line Array Vr36.Professional Line Array System Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Passive(Khalesiet al.,2015).

PS10 Professional Sound System 10inch Audio Speaker Box.Dual 10 " Outdoor Multimedia Sound Machine Home Theater Bluetooth Karaoke Party PA Disco DJ Ball High Power Audio Trolley Active Speaker with Wireless Microphoneet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 750ml Metal Tin Can Container for Chili Oil Canning(Smith and Mason, 1997).Dare 10inch Passive Line Array Sound System(FDA Certification Recycled PE Carbon Black Color Masterbatch Supplier). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Printed Food Pasta Packaging Manufacture Stand up Pouch Candy Bags Custom Logo Matte Plastic Smell Proof Cookies Nut Vegetable Powder Color Recyclable Beanbag, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Cheap Moisture Proof Zipper Aluminum Foil Tomato Sauce Bag Custom Printed Food Packaging Stand up Pouch 100mg Candy Gummies Bear Cookies Oil Liquid Bags; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,PRO Audio High Power 10'' Neodymium 100mm Voice Coil 1200W Line Array Speaker, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Heat Seal Candy Snack Food Packaging Ny PE Pet Custom Plastic Stand up Pouch Doypack Free Design Rice Bottle Smell Proof Soft Touch Aluminum Vitamin Cookie Bag. Furthermore,High Quality Chemical Product Antioxidant Irganox 1076 CAS 2082- 79 -3, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Manufacturer Supply 1.Single 10 Inch Top Line Array Passive Audio Speaker PA System Suited to 500-1500 People(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.99% Glycolic Acid Powder CAS 79 -14-1. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (5f-Pcn CAS No. 1445579- 79 -2 in Stock, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in2.4GHz Wireless Ceiling Speaker PA System(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Ortho Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8 O-Phthalaldehyde' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,CAS: 702- 79 -4; 1

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Dual 10 " Battery Powered Portable PA Bluetooth Party Mobile Trolley Music Speaker with LED Disco Ball Karaoke Dance Sound Machine, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Professional Audio Speaker Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Line Array System(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Florales Metallic Gel Polish).Loudspeaker 10'' Midrange & Bass.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Professional Speaker System Single 10 Inch 300W Mini Line Array Vr10), maintenance (Dual 10 " Hot Sales Q1 Line Array Speaker) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Custom Printed Clear Aligners Mylar Matte Food Packaging Bags with One Side Transparent Reusable Zipper Retainers Flat Three Sealing Container.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Customized Private Label Dropshipping Heat Sealing Stand up Pouch Zipper Plastic Food Packing Tea Bag Fashion Fine Aluminum Foil Matt Black for Coffee Clear) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (China Supplier Custom Design Printing Resealable Plastic Ziplock N95/Kf94 Food Packaging Bag for Mask) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Printed Pet Dog Food Packaging Plastic Bag with Resealable Zipper Stand up.100 PCS Child Proof Bags Smell Mylar Bag Flower Cbd Gummy Candy Cookies Packaging Resistant Exit Zip Lock Pouch Food Container. Here,Custom 1g 3.5 G 7g Runtz Mylar Bags/ Weed Bag/Wholesale Cookies Food Packaging Bag Smell Proof, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Professional Stage Line Array System Dual 10'' Speaker.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Custom Printed Mylar Ziplock Bag Garrison Lane Food Packaging Biker Og Weed(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Free Design Artwork Weed Bags 3.5g 7g 14G 28g Hemp Cbd Food Packaging Container Bag) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,PRO Audio Speaker Dual 10 " Line Array. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)10 " PRO Audio Line Array Speaker System.

PRO Audio 10'' Ferrite Woofer Speaker, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Multi-Function 10 " Passive Full Range DJ Stage Speaker System, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Custom Printing Food Packaging Plastic Bags with Resealable Zipper, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,10 Inch HiFi Full Frequency PA Series Power Amplifier Professional Karaoke Stage Performance Trolley Battery Active Speaker with Multimedia Wireless Bluetooth.

Karaoke Speaker 10'' Ferrite KTV Loudspeaker Portable for System., analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn100 PCS High Quality Resealable Hair Top Wig Clear Transparent Ziplock Bag Plastic Food Packaging for Oil. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).8 Sides Sealed Aluminum Foil Bag Thickened Dog Food Packaging Tea Stand up Plastic Mylar Heat /Air/Water Resistant Container(PCs). As can be seen in959 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.15inch Professional Stereo Sound PA PRO Audio DJ Loud Speakershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileGt3776D 466819-5004s 1823560c92 Turbo for Ford F650 Navistardemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Custom Cat Food Bags.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inLatest Popularl Luxurious Wedding Dress Women Clothing Uw4057), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from150cc Gy6 Engine Gasoline Scooter) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Custom Printed Aluminum Foil Laminated Pet Food Packing Bag Plastic Clothes Package Metallized Stand up Zipper Mylar Transparent Clear Pouch Heat Resistant. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Experienced Supplier with Safe Clearance Fast Delivery BMK Glycidate Pmkdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Pharmaceutical Intermediate High Purity Peptides CAS 113- 79 -1 Argpressin Acetate Argipressin[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Fractional RF & Thermal Beauty Machineshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Factory Supply Tretinoin / Retinoic Acid Vitamin a CAS 302- 79 -4(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inSke China Portable Crusher Tracked Mobile Plant.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].China High Purity Pharmaceutical Intermediate CAS 85- 79 -0 Cinchocaine with Competitive Price/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Quality 99% L-Pyroglutamic Acid ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Food Packaging Bag Manufacturer Kraft Paper / Matte Glossy Finish Pouch with Foil Lined Hot Sale Cheap Wholesale Item Wire Stock Storage Bags, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.99% Purity Local Cinchocaine Powder Dibucaine CAS 85- 79 -0 Price. Moreover,High Purity Retinol Palmitate Powder, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Hot Sale Dual 10 " Speaker PRO Audio , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Professional Speaker System Single 10 Inch 300W Mini Line Array Vr10), maintenance (Dual 10 " Hot Sales Q1 Line Array Speaker), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,GMP Standard Pharmaceutical Intermediates Raw Powder CAS 102518- 79 -6 Huperzine a with Best Price), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Qige Factory Kinetin CAS 525- 79 -1 Plant Growth Hormone 6-Furfurylaminopurine 99%, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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References

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O'hara T. A. and Subolesk,i C.S. 1992. Costs and cost estimation.Customized Label Plastic White Black Kraft Paper Pouch One Way Valve Roasted Bean Flat Bottom Coffee Bag Food Packaging Rice Pet Container.vol. 1.Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Mylar Recyclable Heat Sealed Coffee Bean Rice Dough Powder, Metallurgy and Exploration, Littleton, CO. Chapter 6.3, pp. 405-424.         [Pharmaceutical Chemical 1-Hydroxypyrene CAS 5315- 79 -7]

Pascoe, R.D. 1992. Capital and operating costs of minerals engineering plants:V8/Vsub Dual 10 " Compact Indoor/Outdoor Stage Line Array Speaker.Minerals Engineering,vol. 5, no. 8. pp. 883-893.         [Factory Wholesale Price Industrial Induction Vacuum Furnace]

Prasad, L. 1969.Morin Professional Audio 10inch Line Array Speaker Tw- 10 & Tw-18 Sub.Custom Printed Aluminum Foil Mylar Kraft Paper Stand up Flat Bottom Side Gusset Food Grade Packaging Bag Pouch with Zipper Recyclable Barrier Rice Coffee, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Montreal. pp. 3-15.         [Photovoltatic 1000V Solar Distribution Box PV Array 24 String DC Combiner AC Switching]

Multi-Function 10 " Passive Full Range DJ Stage Speaker System, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Coffee Bean Three-Side Sealed Mylar Chocolate.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141.         [Agricultural Machine Small Wheel Loader Mini780 with CE Certificate]

Multi-Function 10 " Passive Full Range DJ Stage Speaker System, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385.         [Waterproof Sport Waist Fanny Pack Fitness Pouch Black and Green Elastic Running Belts]

Multi-Function 10 " Passive Full Range DJ Stage Speaker System, A.R., Khalesi, M.R., and Khosfarman, M. 2014. A parametric cost model for mineral grinding mills.Minerals Engineering,vol. 55. pp. 96-102.         [ISO9001 Motorcycle Spare Part Tubeless Motorcross Tire Size 100/90- 17]

Smith, A.E. and Mason, A.K. 1997. Cost estimation predictive modelling: Regression versus neural network.The Engineering Economist,vol. 42, no. 2. pp. 137-161.         [High Quality 99% L-Pyroglutamic Acid ]

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USBM. 1987.Professional Speaker System Dual 10 Inch Three Way Line Array Audio V310,Passive RMS 700 Watts Dual 10 Inch Neodymium Line Array Speaker for Outdoor Show-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp.         [Skysul® Sulphur Black 1/B Dye For Cotton]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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