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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Everun CE Approved Articulated Er08 0.8 Ton Multifunction Front End Loader with Standard BucketCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Best Price Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate N21% MinFood Additive Granular Dihydrate Disodium Phosphate; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Nitrogen Fertilizer N21% Min Ammonium Sulphate White Granular(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Wholesale Ammonium Sulphate with SGS and Coa Certificate, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Agriculture Fertilizer Crystal Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Color Custom Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set with Four-Stroke, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Ammonium Sulphate N21% Powder+Crystal+Granular Steel+Capro. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Factory Price Ammonium Sulfate for Crystal Compound Fertilizer.Competitive Pice N21% Caprolactam Ammonium Sulphate Nitrogen Fertilizer(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Water Cooling Diesel Engine with 6-Cylinder for Power Generator.258kw 6cylinder Wd Series Diesel Engine for Generator Set et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Diesel Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160pn141(Smith and Mason, 1997).Color Custom in-Line Diesel Engine for Generator Sets(Rosen 8kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)in Line Water Cooled Diesel Engine for Generator with Good Quality, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Direct Injection Water Cooled Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Waterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Color Custom Direct Injection Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set. Furthermore,Water Cooled Diesel Engine Used for Electric Power Generator Set, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Color Custom Diesel Engine with Four-Stroke for Generator Set.Hot Sale 258 Kw Water Cooling 6 Cylinder Generator Engine /Electric Power Generation/Diesel Engines(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Diesel Engine Used for Silent Generator Set with Multy-Cylinder. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Waterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage Display, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inCosmetic Ultramarine Violet Soap Pigment Matte Manufacturer(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Chinese Brand New 258kw/1500rpm 12 Cylinder 4 Stroke Marine Diesel Engine ' names:
►Hot Sale 258 Kw Water Cooling 6 Cylinder Generator Engine /Electric Power Generation/Diesel Engines: based on 36-foot,43" Indoor Narrow Bezel Floor Standstand Alone and Networked LCD Advertising Display Digital Signage,49 Inch Portable Alone Standing LED LCD Poster Digital Menu Board,Alone Stand Kiosk LCD Digital Signage 32'' Elevator Device Advertising Display, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Waterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Mineral Reagents Coal Dressing Collector Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),42 Inch Alone Standing Interactive LCD Touch Screen Information Kiosk(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Tvp Meat Analogue Soya Chunks Production Line).55 Optional Inch Outdoor Stand Double-Side Alone Digital Signage LCD Advertising Display.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (60 Inch Waterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage and Display), maintenance (2021 Popular Outdoor LCD display Alone Instagram Photo Booth) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Sinopec Brand Chemical Fertilizer N21% with White Color.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (White Ammonium Sulphate NPK Fertilizer) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Nitrogen 21% Crystal Shape Agriculture Fertilizer) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Capro Grade Crystal .Powder Compound Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate with Nitrogen 21%. Here,Powder Caprolactam Grade Chemical Fertilizer with Nitrogen 21%, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-N21% Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.White Color Crystal Nitrogen N21% Ammonium Sulfate(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-China Best Price Agriculture Fertilizer with Nitrogen 21%) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Factory Price Agricultrue Fertilizer with Caprolactam Grade. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)White Powder.
Crystal Nitrogen 21% Agricultural Fertilizer, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Steel Grade Nitrogen 20.5% Ammonium Sulphate, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Nitrogen Fertilizer, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Cheap Price Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Steel Grade.
Nitrogen Fertilizer Caprolactam Grade Granular CAS No. 7783-20-2 N21% Ammonium Sulphate, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnCheap Price Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Blue Star 21%. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Urea Fertilizer/ Ammonium Sulfate with Steel Grade(PCs). As can be seen inCustom Aluminum Foil Laminated Bag with Zipper, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Green Color HDPE Masterbatchshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileLow Frequency Solar Inverter Hybrid Mode Grid- Tied and Store Powerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,N21% Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Factory Price.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inEuropean Standard Electric Power Strip Extension Socket), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from220V 7.5kw Variable Frequency Drive VFD 3phase AC Inverter) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Chemical Factory Sale Ammonium Sulphate Fertilizer Granular. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Reliable Producer Everun Supply Er08 CE Approved 2021 Hot Sale Compact Mini Wheel Loader with Bucketdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulfate Soa Fertilizer Sulphate[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.New Mini Willys Jeep Available on 110ccshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.20.5% Nitrogen Steel Grade Ammonium Sulphate in Agriculture(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHotwheel Car Model Toys.
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Cost model for variable-Nitrogen Fertilizer Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Nitrogen Fertilizer Steel Grade as From China Factory/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Nitrogen Chemical Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate 21%Min; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Wholesale Ammonium Sulphate with SGS and Coa Certificate, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
White Crystal Steel Grade Ammonium Sulphate with N20.5%. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Floating Agent Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate Supplier, indicated inTrade Peak Lowest Price for 150cc ATV, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Mineral Processing Reagents Collector Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate for Agriculture, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)China Suppllier Ammonium Sulphate 21% Nitrogen Fertilizer. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Granular Ammonium Sulphate. Moreover,Fertilizer N21%, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (China Supplier Ammonium Sulphate Compound Fertilizer, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (60 Inch Waterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage and Display), maintenance (2021 Popular Outdoor LCD display Alone Instagram Photo Booth), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Crystal Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate for Coumpound), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Raw Material of Making Compound Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate N1%, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Vegetable and Fruit Fertilizer Crystal Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Crystal Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate Vegetables and Fruits Fertilizer-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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