GENERAL PAPERS

Iron Oxide Yellow for Pet FeedsCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Frequency Drive Converter Solar Pump InverterPA Speaker with Horn Parts 210L*62W*105h 1"X2 ; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.China E Bike Electric Bicycle 48V 20A Ebike Nakto Motorcycle(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,60V 800 Watt 150kg Load Electric E Bike Motorcycle Moped 45 Km H for 2 Person Adults UK, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Adult Electric Motorcycle/Electric Bike/E-Bike W Waterproof with Double Disc Brakes/2 Wheel Scooter.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

China Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter AC 220V, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Adult Electric Motorcycle/Scooter 60V20ah Lithium Battery China. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Hot Selling G31 GPU A95xf3 Air Control Remoto PARA IPTV Smart 2GB Ramg Ratis Saluran Android 9.0 Box TV.AC Drive Frequency Variable General Power Supply Solar Motor Pump(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Pipo X8 PRO Win 10 Android 5.1 Z8350 Support Bluetooth 4.0 7 Inch Tablet PC.500kw Solar Energy System Grid Tied 500kwatt Panel Stationet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Mobile Digital High Frequency Mini Induction Brazing Welder for Aluminum Tube Pipe(Smith and Mason, 1997).Factory Direct Supply 2 Wheels No Folding Elderly Electric Motorcycle(Food Grade L-Arginine with Best Price). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Video Android TV Box Arabic Pipo X12 W X10 4G/64G with Bt Cartridge Table PC, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Factory Price 7000W Home Solar Power Generator System Grid Tied; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Planer Using VFD AC Drive Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 11kw, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Everun Brand CE Approved Articulated 0.8 Ton Wheel Loader. Furthermore,Solar Energy Systems 3000W for Panel System Home 3kw off Grid Tied Power 5kw 7kw 10kw, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-1393 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System.Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Professional Electric Adult Motorcycle 70km/H Cheap Fast Coc Design, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in6-Cylinder Diesel Engine with Four-Strke for Silent Generator Set(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Yn725g 18.5kw No Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Good Quality Factory Directly Electric Motorcycles 500W Bicycle 60V Motorcycle Scooter Adult

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Speed CKD SKD Pedals Disc Brake Electric Motorcycle Scooter for Olderly or Adult, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Adult Electric Motorcycle with Lithium Battery China(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (PEVA Lining Food Delivery Insulated Shoulder Cooler Bag).Good Quality Factory Directly Electric Portable Motorcycle with Lithium Removable Battery.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Hot Sale Factory Direct Supply 60/72V Electric Scooter Green Power Adult E-Motorcycle), maintenance (Electric Motorcycle with Competitive Price Good Quality Motorcycle/Sports Motor Bike for Adults) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Solar Inverter Pump Inverters 5.5kw.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (10 Liter Customized Printed Square Metal Fuel Oil Tin Cans for Paint Coating Solvent) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (350ml Brake Fluid Glue Tin Bottle) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.9L Tight Head Tin Can with Tap for Oilve Oil Ink and Paint.Pipo X9s Latest Dual Boot Mini PC 2GB 32GB Wins 10+Android 5.1 TV Box 4K Full HD. Here,6000W Inverter Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System Without Battery, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Solar Pump Inverter DC/ AC Supplier.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 1.5kw(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Frequnce Converter AC Drive 380V 11kw) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Solar Inverter Pump 15kw. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)China Manufacturer 5000W Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System Low Cost.

TUV Ce Europe Popular 6000W Grid Tied Home Solar System, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (High Quality X96 Max Android 9.0 Smart 4K Set Top Set-Top 4GB 64GB Firmware Ott TV Box, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Yn725g Yineng Mini Front End Loader, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,China Everun Er408 Small Loader Compact with Pallet Forks.

Yn725g 18.5 Kw/2, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn1392 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Yn725g 18.5kw Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader(PCs). As can be seen inCustomized Multi Birch Veneer Plywood Manufacturer, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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CE Certified Earth-Moving Machinery Everun 800kg Er408 Mini Wheel Loader,3kw Solar Power System for Home Use on Grid(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Music PA Speaker Double 12 Inch Full Rangeillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Feiyang New Hot Selling Trolley Speaker Fg210-06shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileGAS Wind Pressure Transmitter with Data Displaydemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power 6kw 8kw 10kw.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSea Frozen Illex Squid Below 100g), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromSingle 10 Inch Two Way Professional Passive Coaxial Monitor Speaker) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.PNG Easy Install 12kw 15kw Grid Tied System with Home Delivery Service. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Fg Controller Generator Engine Interface Module Eim Basic MK3 258 -9755demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,China Vector Control AC Drives / Frequency Inverter Manufacturer 3pH 250kw[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Engine Interface Model Eim 630-465 630-466 630-088 Olympian Massey Module Replace Fg Wilson Speed Controller 258 -9753 -9755 12V 24Vshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Yangtze Solar Power Grid Tied System Home 5kw 5K(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inAnti-Vandal Pin & Card Standalone Access Control Keypad K9em.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].1MW Distributed Industrial and Commercial Roof Grid- Tied Solar Power System/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.AC Fan Frequency Inverter VFD Vector Control 3pH 30kw; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,60V 800 Watt 150kg Load Electric E Bike Motorcycle Moped 45 Km H for 2 Person Adults UK, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Innopack 500ml Round Conveyor Belt Glue Tin Can with Caps$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Manufacturer Wholesale Good Quality Empty 1lt Metal Paint Glue Tin Cans with Lever Flat Pry Lid, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)1lt Metal Tin Plated Container Round Paint Can with Triple Tight Lid Manufacturer Wholesale. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.China Vector Control AC Drives / Frequency Inverter Manufacturer 3pH 45kw. Moreover,AC Fan Frequency Inverter VFD Vector Control 3pH 18kw, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Inverter Cabinet VFD Multifuctional Frequency Inverters 55kw, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Hot Sale Factory Direct Supply 60/72V Electric Scooter Green Power Adult E-Motorcycle), maintenance (Electric Motorcycle with Competitive Price Good Quality Motorcycle/Sports Motor Bike for Adults), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,AC Fan Frequency Inverter VFD 3pH 15kw), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.AC Fan Frequency Inverter 3pH 7.5kw, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Inverter Cabinet VFD Frequency. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Inverter Cabinet VFD Frequency AC Drive 55kw-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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High Quality X96 Max Android 9.0 Smart 4K Set Top Set-Top 4GB 64GB Firmware Ott TV Box, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-China Electric Mobility Scooter Motorcycle with Lights/Electric Bicycle Moped Fast Delivery.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141.         [Plastic Products Colorful Pellets Resin Raw Material Light Green Color Antistatic Masterbatch Customized]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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