GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Nordic Leather Sofa Modern Simple Three Seats(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Best Selling Modern Design Living Room Classic Leather Recliner Massage Chinese Home Furniture, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Wholesale Folding Bed Space Saving Furniture Sofa Modern Recliner.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Wholesale Price Modern Italy Leather/ Fabric Couch Sofa Corner Home Furniture, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,2021 New Modern Design Living Room Leather Sofa. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Tx6s H616 4GB 32GB VGA IPTV Brasil Android RAM ROM 6GB 8K 2GB 16GB 10.0 2021 Box TV.2021 Modern Design Leather Chesterfield Home Furniture Leisure Sectional Sofa(Khalesiet al.,2015).

High Quality European Style Modern Furniture.2021 Wholesale Foshan Chinese Real Leather Living Room Sofa Modern Furniture et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Iron Oxide Yellow for Pet Feeds(Smith and Mason, 1997).VFD Ultra-Low-Noise Delixi 55kw 720va Variable Frequence Inverter(Bluetooth 5.0 Headset Mini Tws True Wireless Earbuds Stereo Bass in-Ear Earphone). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Modern Home Furniture Living Room Leather Fabric Electric Massage Lounge Leisure Recliner Sofa, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).7.5kw VFD Drives/ Frequence Inverter/Converter/ AC Drive Enc; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Wholesale Folding Bed   Recliner Sofa Beds Fabric, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Modern Furniture. Furthermore,Foshan Factory Wholesale High Quality Living Room Leather Sofa, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Tx6s H616 32GB ROM Recorder Android 4GB RAM Stick Set Top 2021 SIM Card Ott WiFi Andriod Smart TV Box.Motor Electronic Power Frequency Converter 380V 2.2kw(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Pipo X8 Mini PC Smart TV Box. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Twisan Honoured Production 800kg Small Front End Loader with High Quality, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFood Grade Packaging Custom Print Laminated Stand up Bag(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Frequency Inverter 380V 50/60Hz' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,50 to 60 Hz Frequency Converter

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,AC Variable Vector Frequency Inverter, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Chinese Supplier of Variable Frequency Drive/AC/DC Motor Speed Controller(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (P3 High Definition Indoor LED Panel Display Screen).AC Drive Solar Charge Controller 3 pH Inverter Welding Machine Elevator Motor Price.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (AC Drive Frequnce Converter 5.5kw Pump Use ), maintenance (0.8 Ton Mini Wheel Loader with Lowest Price) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,VFD AC Drive.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Automatic Motor Speed Controller Variable AC Drive 1/3 Phase 1.5 Kw 220 V/380 V) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Water Pump Frequency Inverter) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Small Variable-Frequency Drive .VFD Motor Drive Inverter Converter 1.5kw / 2.2kw 220V Variable Frequency. Here,VFD AC 380V 1.5kw Three Phase Inverter Frequency Converter Variable Drive, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Variable Speed Drive MPPT Motor Controller Solar Pump Inverter Power Supply.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Compact Mini Farm Loader 800kg Wheel for Sale(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Frequency China Vector Control AC Drive Power Supply Inverter Solar Converter) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,0.8ton Zl08f Small Wheel Loader. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Loading Machine.

Mini Radlader with Ce for Germany and Sweden Market, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (China Compact Payloader Zl08 Mini Front End Wheel Loader with Ce, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Farm Equipment 800kg Small Loader Payloader for Sale, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Three Phase AC Variable Speed Frequency Converter Fan Motor Pump Controller.

0.8t Multifunctional Hydraulic Wheel Loader for Farm, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnAndroid TV Box X96 Air 4GB 32GB Media Player. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).China Articulated Wheel Loader Mr 908 Euro Style 800kg /0.8ton Mini for Sale(PCs). As can be seen inTwo-Way 10inch Karaoke Full Range Speaker F10+ PA Horn, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Avant Zl08f Mini Wheel Loader for Sale,Chinese Mini Radlader 800kg Wheel Loader with Pirce(CSFM) is presented here as an example.PA Resin for Gravure Plastic and Paper Printing Inkillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Crovell Factory Supply High Quality CAS 79 -57-2 Oxytetracyclineshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while4 Kw China Frequency Converter Power Supply Motor Drive 3 Phase Inverterdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Frequency Converter 0.5 HP.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCarbide Polycrystalline Drawing Die Polystalline Wire Dies), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromWholesale Folding Bed Space Saving Furniture Sofa Modern Recliner) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Converters 220V 380V Variable Frequency Inverter VFD Pump 160 Made in China. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.3 Phase Mini AC DC Frequency Inverter Motor Speed Controller Power Supply 5.5kw-110kwdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,AC Board China Vector Control 60Hz to 50Hz VFD Drive Price[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Most Popular Cheapest Price Guitar Capo for Acoustic Guitarshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Frequency Converter Three Phase Variable Speed Drive 220kw Generator Air Pump(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWaterproof Smart Touch Coffee Table Multi Android Embedded.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Jarol Converter 220 380 Inverter 220V to 380V Frequency 50Hz 60Hz/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.3 Phase Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz Variable Drive Manufacturer Solar Modules; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Best Selling Modern Design Living Room Classic Leather Recliner Massage Chinese Home Furniture, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Customized Supported Android 9.0 X96 Air Media Box$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Mini Loader/Small Wheel Loader Zl08 with CE, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)China Original Mini Bucket 0.8ton Wheel Loader Yz908 Construction Equipment. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Small Wheel Loader Zl08 CE. Moreover,Mini Small Hot Sale in Europe Wheel Loader for, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Supper Mini Wheel Loader Hzm908 Zl08f 0.8ton Compat Small Backhoe, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (AC Drive Frequnce Converter 5.5kw Pump Use ), maintenance (0.8 Ton Mini Wheel Loader with Lowest Price), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Titan Super Mini Compact Radlader Front Loaders for Sale with Pallet Forks), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.AC Drive Output and Triple Frequency Converter 60 Hz 50 Power Supply, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Titan Brand 0.8 Ton Farm Garden Use Mini Smalll Wheel Loader for Sale. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Mini Wheel Loader Hot Sale with Pallet Fork Zl908-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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