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One-Stop Supply Chain Solutions to Yokohama
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Battery-Powered PA Multimedia USB Radio Speaker Outdoor UseCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Single 18'' Low Frequency Sub-BassVFD Ultra-Low-Noise Delixi 55kw 720va Variable Frequence Inverter; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Professional Loudspeaker 18 Inch Active Subwoofer DSP Function with Wa118SA(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Outdoor PRO Audio Loudspeaker, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Doule 8'' Mini Line Arry Loudspeaker.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Waterproof Loudspeaker Wall Mounter 15inch Mq-15cp, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Vera12 New Design 800watts 12" Audio System Line Array. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Single 15 Inch High Quality Bass.Professional Audio Speaker Column Sound Equipment(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Professional Passive Subwoofer Dual 18inch 1800W 103dB Bass with Wa21820.Srx715 Sing 15" Professional Speakeret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for PA Speaker with Horn Parts 210L*62W*105h 1"X2 (Smith and Mason, 1997).Aclon DSP3500 Professional DJ Sound Speakers DSP Powered Line Array(Generator Parts Engine Interface Module Controller Eim Basic MK3 258 -9755). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Small Column White Color Church Conference Room Speaker, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Arc Shaped Column Speaker for Restaurant and Shopping Mall; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Peq-18SD1 18'' Bass Reflex Active Powerful Subwoofer, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Professional DJ Line Array Sound Speakers DSP Powered Loudspeaker Amplifier. Furthermore,Theater Professional Line Array Speaker, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-15' Water-Proof Installation Long-Throw Speaker with 100V Transformer.Guangzhou Skytone Vera S18 18'' New Design Line Array Subwoofer(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Double 6inch Powered Line Array Speaker. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Factory Export 99% Purity Chlorhexidine CAS55-56-1 with Lowest Price, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inGt1544V 740611-5002s 28201-2A400 Turbo for Hyundai Verna(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Free Clearance Surface Anesthesia of Eyes' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Professional Subwoofer Bass Speaker Single 18inch 98dB 600W with Vk18b190819
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Srx715 Single 15" Speaker Cabinet PRO Audio System, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Vera 12 Loudspeaker Line Array Speaker System(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Smart Wireless IP Camera Bulb CCTV Panoramic Fisheye).Professional Loudspeaker Column Speaker Line Array with L7.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Single 15" Plastic Powered Speaker), maintenance (Veterinary Grade Petcare Products Anesthesia Cream Topical Lidocaine Spray137-58-6 UK Warehouse) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Double 6" Professional Speaker Line Array.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (CAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%/Ipa 99.9%/Isopropanol 99.9% Used as Pharmaceutical Intermediate) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Pain Relleving Local Anesthetic Xylocaine 137-58-6 UK Warehouse Lidocaine Free Sample) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Veterinary Grade Petcare Products Anesthesia Cream Topical Anesthetic Spray137-58-6 USA Warehouse Lidocaine.Best Quality Valerophenone CAS 1009-14-9 Ukraine. Here,Professional Loudspeaker Single 5" Coaxial Full Range Speaker with CF5, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Vrx932la Compact Line Array Speaker System.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Vrx932la Dual Voice Coil Line Array Speaker Box(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Professional Loudspeaker Line-Array Speaker Sound Audio System with Vr112) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Aluminum Speaker Box for 3" Column . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Portable Wireless Professional Rechargeable DJ Karaoke Sound Box Bluetooth PA Speaker with Wire Microphone 1PCS.
Single 12" Plastic Waterproof Speaker, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (800W VERA 12 Line Array DJ Speaker Cabinet PRO Audio, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Powered Concert Theater High Performance PA System Power Sub Bass, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,2way Indoor Club Party Wedding Line Array 15inch Sound System.
12 Inch Audio Wireless Professional Portable Rechargeable DJ Bluetooth PA Trolley Speaker with LED Light ED-1201 Wire Microphone 1PCS, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnProfessional Active Powered Line Array Speaker Mini 5 Inch Audio. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Professional Dual 15" Multi-Purpose Speaker(PCs). As can be seen inCustomized Carbide Spare Parts Assembly Orifice Main Valve Pulser, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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New Driver Beyma Professional Speaker Line Array PA System Single 18" Sub Bass Subwoofer with Wa218PRO,Srx725 Dual 15" PRO Audio Speaker Box(CSFM) is presented here as an example.5000va 48VDC on off Grid Tied Low Frequency Hybrid Solar Power Backup Inverterillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.China Zl08 Payloader 0.8 Ton Min Articulated Hydraulic Mini Front End Wheel Loadershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileBreaker Lockdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,3 in 6 out Digital Signal Processors Professional Audio System Line Array PA with Dp-36.
Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHigh Grade Steel Trailer Mobile Concrete Mixing Plant Batching China Factory), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from350ml Cmyk Printing Empty Motorbike Engine Flush Shooter Tin Can for Speed Gasoline Additive) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Double 12'' Line Array Audio. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Factory Supply Ethyl Valerate CAS 539-82-2demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Professional Audio Signal 12" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA System with Tq12[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.ESD Shielding Anti Static Aluminum Foil Laminated LLDPE Bag for Electronic Parts /LED Lighting Packingshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.DJ Stage PRO Audio Indoor Club 15" Line Array Loudspeaker(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inTypes of Jacuzzi Bath Japanese Style American Standard Bathtubs.
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Cost model for variable-15'' Waterproof Subwoofer with High Spl Use Indoor and Outdoor
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].USP Level Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Stadium Banquet Hall Theater PRO Audio PA Speaker Line Array System; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Outdoor PRO Audio Loudspeaker, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Bp Grade Benzyl Benzoate 99% Min$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Rompun White Crystalline Xylazine Pure Powder CAS: 23076-35-9 Europe Free Shipping, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)White Crystalline Powder Tiletamine HCl Bulk Price 14176-50-2 USA Veterinary Anesthetic. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Mule Deer Tranquilizer First Choice Tiletamine HCl Injection Free Sample 14176-50-2. Moreover,High Purity Ethylamine HCl, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Steel Circle for PA Speaker Parts 16*3h , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Single 15" Plastic Powered Speaker), maintenance (Veterinary Grade Petcare Products Anesthesia Cream Topical Lidocaine Spray137-58-6 UK Warehouse), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,PA Speaker Cabinet Accessories ), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Professional Audio Loudspeaker PA Stage Active Line Array, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,PA Speaker Accessories and Parts . Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.PA System with Rigging Shackle Hardware Parts M25 -feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Mular, A.L. 1982.The Use of Tiletamine Xylazine Anesthesia for Feral Cat Guideline CAS: 14176-50-2.Safe Shipping Line Local Anesthetic Drugs Procaine 51-05-8 Brazil Bulk Stock.67-63-0 Pharmaceutical Intermediates Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa, Montreal. 265 pp. [18W RGB Underwater LED PAR56 Bulb Light for Swimming Pool Lighting]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.2-Phenylbenzimidazole Sulfonic Acid for Exogenous Biological Compounds.Battery-Powered PA Multimedia USB Radio Speaker Outdoor Use.67-63-0 Pharmaceutical Intermediates Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa, Montreal. 319 pp. [Allsparkpower 3kw/4.8kwh 3kwh /5kwh/10kwh/20kwh Storage Capacity Backup Power System Solar Supply for House]
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800W VERA 12 Line Array DJ Speaker Cabinet PRO Audio, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-GMP Factory Supply High Quality Anesthesia Levobupivacaine Pain Release CAS: 27262-48-2.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Hot Wholesale 1L /2L/3L Laundry Liquid Detergent Bottle]
800W VERA 12 Line Array DJ Speaker Cabinet PRO Audio, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385. [Acrylic Hot Whirlpool Bathub Sale Bath Tub]
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USBM. 1987.Professional Audio Loudspeaker Vt312 Dual 12 Inch Stadium PA Speaker,Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa for Dehydrating Agent and Cleaning 67-63-0-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Brand New Composite FRP Manhole Cover SMC Machine]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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