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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Inverter Cabinet VFD Multifuctional Frequency Inverters 55kw(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,AC Fan Frequency Inverter VFD 3pH 15kw, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.AC Fan Frequency Inverter 3pH 7.5kw.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Inverter Cabinet VFD Frequency, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Inverter Cabinet VFD Frequency AC Drive 55kw. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Yn725g 18.5kw Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader.Yn725g 18.5kw No Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Grid Tied 5kw Residencial Solar Energy System Home Power 5000W Panel.Yangtze 100kw Grid Tied Portable Solar System Camping Componentet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Modern Simple Living Room L Shape Corner Recliner Sectional Sofa(Smith and Mason, 1997).Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader(Plastic Products Colorful Pellets Resin Raw Material Light Green Color Antistatic Masterbatch Customized). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Roof Mounting Solar System 10kw off Grid Tied Power, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Screw Top Metal Tin Can; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,a. S Solar Wholesale Price System Grid Tied Energy Systems 5kw Panels, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Best Selling! 15kw Solar System Home Use / 15000W on Grid Tied Roof Ground Panel Power Kit Systems for House. Furthermore,Yn725g 18.5kw Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Yn725g 18.5kw No Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader.Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.5L Rectangle Metal Aluminium Chemical Paint Oil Easy Open Tin Can. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Yn725 Gyineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Non -Cabin, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSolar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power 6kw 8kw 10kw(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Fast Delivery Home 5kw Solar Power Grid Tied Energy System Cheap Price' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,China Cheap Colour Optional Electric Motorcycle for Adults

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Good Quality 2-Wheel Electric Motorcycle 500-1000W Scooter in Stock, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Closed Type of Metal Sheet Fiber Laser Cutting Machine-Ipg-1000W).China Electric Mobility Scooter Motorcycle with Lights/Electric Bicycle Moped Fast Delivery.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Hot Sale Factory Direct Other Motorcycles Electric Bike with Price 48V Adults Two Wheels Motorcycle 500W), maintenance (World IPTV M3u Subscription 1 Year for Arabic Netherlands Malta Austria Bulgaria Romania Egypt Croatia Africa 9600 Channels Smart TV Android Apple) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Factory Price Wholesale Vespa Electric Scooter Motorcycle Adult.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Cheaper Long Range off Road Best Selling Hot China Xindazhou Products Motorcycle Electric Adult) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (2021 Fashion Electric Mtorcycle 2000W Motor China) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Mini Dumper Wolf Wl80 Loader with CE.Engine Oil Cans 4 Liter Motor Lubricating Tin Can. Here,Yn725 Gyineng Mini Wheel Loader, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Solar Pump Frequency Inverter MPPT Fuction 0.75kw.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Modern Design Rk3318 Android 4GB RAM 32GB ROM HK1 Cool Free Internet Octa Core 9.0 Set Top TV Box(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Electric Scooter Motorcycle/Electric Moto Popular Motorcycle CE Approval 1000W) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,AC to Drive 380V Frequency Inverter 4kw. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Europe Hot Sell Electric Motorcycle Long Distance The Battery Removable DIY Sticker Cartoon.

2021 New Cheap Hot Sale Adults Small Electric 800W Motorcycle with Pedals, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (China Hot Sale Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter 1.5kw 220V, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Small Fquequency Inverter/Converter for Mini Motor, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,1.5kw 1HP AC Frequency Inverter.

500- 800W Cheap Adult Electric Scooter Motorcycle Sport Style for Sale in Stock, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnYn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Jarol Frequency Inverter with High Quality (PCs). As can be seen inDual 12 Inch Top Passive Line Array Speaker and Single 18 Sub System, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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China Hot Sale Frequency Converter/Inverter 380V 50/60Hz,Residential Grid Tied 6kw Solar Power System for Home(CSFM) is presented here as an example.20 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Motorcycle/Motors Tubeless/Tube Scooter ATV Mrf Rubber Tire/Tyre for Nigeria Egypt Bajaj Motorcy Ds137 2.75- 17illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Custom Kraft Paper Flexible Food Packaging Flat Bottom Bag-100grshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileThree Phase Vector Frequence Converter with High Performancedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Best Factory China Environmentally Friendly 800W CE Certification Electric Motorcycle for Adult.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHot Sale Amusement Equipment Cocoa House for Children Playground), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromCustomized Bintangor Plywood Face Veneer of Commercial) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.on Grid Solar Panel System 30kw Tied Home Power. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Cheap Cute Electric Scooter with Foot Pedal 60V800W20ah From Chinademonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Tractor loader/ mini loader with four wheels for loading[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Triple Phase Variable Frequency Inverter AC Driveshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.2021 60V 20ah EEC Motorcycle Electric Moped Scooter 500/ 800W Motorbike(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWomen Fashion Knitted Sexy Dress Sweater.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Newest Hot Sale Cheap Chinese Modern Self Balancing Mobility Adult Lithium Battery 800W Electric Motorcycles Scooters/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Three Phase Frequency Inverter Made in China Hot Sale; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,AC Fan Frequency Inverter VFD 3pH 15kw, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle with Lead Battery$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Solar Panel System 20kw Grid Tied Power for Home, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)5kw Solar-Diesel Generation Hybrid Grid- Tied Power System. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Global Certificated 30kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Commercial Projects. Moreover,2852 Alicosolar Solar Energy System 10kw 5kw Power Home 15kw Grid Tied, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Cheap Commercial Plywood for Construction Decoration and Furniture Use, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Hot Sale Factory Direct Other Motorcycles Electric Bike with Price 48V Adults Two Wheels Motorcycle 500W), maintenance (World IPTV M3u Subscription 1 Year for Arabic Netherlands Malta Austria Bulgaria Romania Egypt Croatia Africa 9600 Channels Smart TV Android Apple), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Kodi TV Box Fully Loaded Chrome Android 9.1 OS T95 Max H6 4G 32g Internet Satellite), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Solar Panel System 20kw Grid Tied Home Power 20 Kw Energy, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,20kw Grid Tied Solar System. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Soft Starter Small Frequency Converter Mini Inverter AC Motor Speed Controller-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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