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Disposable Hand Sanitizer Portable 75% Alcohol Sterilization Gel for Students
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Yn725g 18.5kw Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel LoaderCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.AC Three Phase Output Drive Frequency Converter Speed Control Electric MotorLmhf Audio Dual 10 Inch Passive Speaker Professional Line Array System Q210; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Zl08f Mini Hydraulic 4WD Compact Shovel Wheel Loader for Sale(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,New Zl08 Mini Radlader with Hydraulic Transmission, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Yn725 G CE Approved Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Zl08f Mini Tractor Articulated Hydraulic Front End Wheel Loader, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Everun 2021 Brand Ce Certificated Er08 Small Construction Machinery Wheel Loader with Snow Blade. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Everun 0.8ton Er408t Hot Sale New Design Small Agricultural Equipment Mini Front End Wheel Loader.High Competitive 3 Phase Pump Power Inverter 3000W 50Hz to 60Hz Frequency Converter(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Wolf Mini Loader Wl80 with Grass Cutter.Solar Pump Power Supply Drive Supplier Motor Inverter DC to AC Converteret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for HDPE Water/Gas Supply Pipe Extrusion Machinery(Smith and Mason, 1997).Eougem 0.8 Ton Payload Zl08 Front End Loader New Hydraulic Articulated Small Wheel(PVC CPVC UPVC Material Conduit Gas Water Supply and Drainage Pipe Extrusion Production Line). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)2500*640mm E1 Glue Engineer Veneer Wenge/Oak for Decoration, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).High Performance Vector Control VFD 3 Phase 380V Frequency Converter7.5kw Inverter for AC Motor; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Zl08 0.8t Articulated Front End Wheel Loader with Pallet Fork, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Face Veneer Nature Bamboo for Fancy Plywood. Furthermore,White Birch Veneer in 0.28mm/Jacky, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Chinese Suppliers Okoume Wood Face Veneer for Malaysia.Factory-Hardwood Veneer in 1300X2500mmx 0.60mm(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Yn725 G Ce Approved Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Variable Frequency Drive VFD Supplier AC Converter 50Hz to 60Hz with Vector Control, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inIP68 Waterproof High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Pool Light(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;China Zl08 Payloader 0.8 Ton Min Articulated Hydraulic Mini Front End Wheel Loader' names:
►0.8ton Compact Loader Wheel in Europe: based on 36-foot,4 Kw China Frequency Converter Power Supply Motor Drive 3 Phase Inverter,11 Kw Synchronous Motor Close Loop Inversor AC Drives VFD Frequency Inverter Power,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Front Loader, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Without Cabin
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,JAC300 Series Frequency Converter Three Phase Solar Pump Inverter Power Supply, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Without Cabin(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Ce Bench Hobby Lathe).Km3 Collective 4GB 64GB TV Box Google Certified ATV.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (China Everun Er408t 0.8ton Truck Front Engine Shovel Hydraulic Bucket Small Mini Wheel Loaders for Sale), maintenance (Natural Wood Woven and Strand Bamboo Veneer Sheets Comaccord) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,High Quality Ebony Engineered Wood Veneer for Hot Sale.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (China Manufacturer Decorative Engineered Wood Veneer) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Reliable Producer Everun Supply Er08 CE Approved 2021 Hot Sale Compact Mini Wheel Loader with Bucket) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Gabon Okoume Veneer a B C D Grade From Factory to India.Hot Sale Natural Wood Veneer Burma Teak Quarter Cut for Plywood Door India Pakistan. Here,Hot Sale Birch Wood Veneer Core for Plywood, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Pendoo X10 Max International Best Custom Set Top Box 4GB 32GB TV Converter Ott 4K Smart Android.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.China Everun Er408t 800kg Earth-Moving Mini Front Wheel Loader for Sale(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Zl08 800kg Mini Tractors with Front End Dumper Loader) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,China Everun Er408t 0.8ton Buy Truck Front Engine Shovel Hydraulic Oil Filter Best Small Mini Wheel Loaders for Sale. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)AC Drive Using Solution Building Hoist Construction Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 22kw.
AC Drive for Bridge Crane VFD Using Mono Overhead 3pH 380V 15kw, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Construction Machine Mini Loader Zl08 with Factory Price Front End, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Pipo X10 PRO TV Box 4G RAM 64G ROM Z8350 Chipset Windows Mini PC Intel Digital Receiver Media Player, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Hybrid 3kw Solar Grid Tied Roof Top System Home Power.
Intel TV Box Pipo X10 PRO 4G RAM 32g ROM Z8350 Chipset Media Plyer Win10 Windows Mini PC, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnFrequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz Fan Speed Controller Solar Power Inverter China. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Mini 220V Single Phase Input 2.2kw 3HP VFD Variable Frequency Converter Professional for Motor Speed Control(PCs). As can be seen in99.9% High Purity Prilocaine Hydrochloride/Prilocaine HCl CAS 1786-81-8, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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General Type Input 3 pH 380V Frequency Converter Variable AC Drive,0.8ton Agricultural Tractor Mini/Small Front Wheel Loader(CSFM) is presented here as an example.St-10kw/kVA Single Phase Brush Type Electric Generatorillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.High Quality Retinoic Acid shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSmall Variable-Frequency Drive demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Teak Wood Veneer Woven Design for Plywood Door.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inZwy-120/55ltunnel Mining Crawler Muck Shovel Loader), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from98dB 250W Professional Self-Powered Active Audio Speaker Two-Way Inside Amplifier Line Array System with Vs10190905) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Zl08 Wheel Loader Wl80 Wolf Mini. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Variable Speed Drive Phree Phase Frequency Converter 1000Hzdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Zl08 0.8ton Articulated Hydraulic Farm Wheel Loader Tractor[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.N- shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Popular hot selling 0.8ton mini wheel loader/ front end loader with bucket on sale(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in7PCS Rose Gold Makeup Brush Set.
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Cost model for variable-China New Design Everun Er408 Mini Small Wheel Loader with Hydraulic Pump
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].3 Phase AC Drive for Water Pump and Fan/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.910 Alicosolar 10kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,New Zl08 Mini Radlader with Hydraulic Transmission, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Rotary Cut Bintagor Veneer for Panels and Furniture with Good Price$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.High Quanlity 1 Phase 3 AC Drive VFD for Pump, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Factory-Okoume Veneer 0.25mm-0.60mm in a and B Grade. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Engineered Ebony Veneer Ecowood Reconstituted Macassar Quarter Cut. Moreover,899 Alicosolar 9kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Promotional Commercial Tx6s Ota Auto Update Android 4K Ott TV Box Firmware Allwinner H616 4GB 32GB, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (China Everun Er408t 0.8ton Truck Front Engine Shovel Hydraulic Bucket Small Mini Wheel Loaders for Sale), maintenance (Natural Wood Woven and Strand Bamboo Veneer Sheets Comaccord), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,3phase VFD), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.0.75kw 1HP AC Frequency Inverter, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Round Gloss Tin Can Metal for Edible Olive Oil Canning. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Universal Vector Inverter-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Pipo X8 Win 10 + Android 4.4 Dual Boot Intel Z3736f Mini PC TV Box Wholesale Smart Set Top.Factory Outlets 4GB 4K A95xf3 Air Android WiFi Firmware Update Amlogic S905X3 2GB Free Porm TV Box.5L Engine Motor Oil Can Screw Top Rectangular Metal Tin, Montreal. 319 pp. [21% Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Caprolactam Grade Crystalline]
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Construction Machine Mini Loader Zl08 with Factory Price Front End, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-800W Deft Fresh Type Drum Brake Brushless Motor Electric Motorcycle.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Gy6 /Jog Motorcycle Regulator/Rectifier Parts]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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