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Jaw Crusher for Stone Crushing
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
16 17 18 Inch Vossen CV5 Alloy WheelCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.T Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector PVL10/83254 Parlante Professional Sonido Neodymium Woofer Speaker 10 " 250W; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Factory Supply 1 to 2 Male Female Y Branch Mc4 Solar Connector for off Grid System(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Waterproof IP68 1500V Mc4 Solar Connector for 2.5/4/6/10mm PV Wire TUV Ce UL, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Mc4y Solar System Waterproof Connector.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Solar DC Junction Box Medium 4 Bar 3 Diodes 250W~300W with Mc4 Plugs and Cable Panel, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Solar Combiner Box DC 550V System with Mc4 Connector. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Wspvcc Solar PV Connector Mc4 High Effiency IP 67.Motorcycle Spare Part Starter Relay for Gy6 -80/Viva R 115cc(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Ce IP67 2.5mm2~6.0mm2 Male/Female DC 1000V Mc4 Solar Cable Connector.Dsola Factory Customized High Efficient Solar Cable Connector Mc4et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Yangtze 10kw Grid- Tied Solar System(Smith and Mason, 1997).Performance Ignition Coil Gy6 50cc 150cc 139qmb 157qmj Moped(High Quality Economic Ultrasound a/B Scan for Ophthalmology ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)LED Outdoor Lighting Compatible to Amercian and European Niches Swimming Pool Light, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Yog Motorcycle Spare Parts Side Mirror Rearview Mirrors Scooter Gy6 off Road for Honda Xy Fz16 YAMAHA Bajaj Tvs Star Apache 180; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Motorcycle Parts Sparking Plug for Cg125 Cg200 Cg150 Gy6 -150, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.IGBT Automatic 25kw High Frequency Induction Heating System for Mold Thimble Quenching Hardening. Furthermore,Motorcycle Muffler Assy/Exaust Pipe for Scooter Parts Gy6 50/125/150, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Surface Mounted Fully Resin Filled RGB LED Piscine Pool Light.IP68 Glass 12V PAR56 LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light for Fountain(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.IP68 8W-35W Surface Mounted Multi-Color LED Underwater Swimming Light. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Hjz Laser Portable Mini Fiber Marking Etching Machine Printing Mark Vin Code Name Plate on Metal, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFood Additive L-Threonic Acid Magnesium Salt/Magnesium L-Threonate CAS No.: 778571-57-6(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Vin Code/Number 20W Color Marker Steel' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Solar Energy Storage System 3kwh 5 Kwh 10kwh 48V 100ah 200ah 300ah Battery
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Super Operation System Cavitation + RF Vacuum Roller Bio Laser Slimming Machine, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Vin Number Fiber Laser Marking Machine(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (1 Loungers and 5seats Adult Portable Bathtub for 6 Person).Duroheater Dh- 25kw Handheld Induction Heating Machine.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Allsparkpower Residential Industrial Solar Generator 3kwh 5kwh 7kwh 10kwh 15kwh Lithium Battery Pack Hybrid and off-Grid Home Energy Storage System), maintenance (Body Shape Scuplting Fast Cavitation Slimming System Radio Frequency Facial Velashape Machine) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Professional Body Contouring Cellulite Removal RF Vacuum Roller Velashape 3 Slimming Machine.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (20W 30W Handheld Vin Number Metal Logo Laser Marking Machine) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Velashape Slimming Cellulite Removal Body Sculpting Fat Machine) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Popular 3kwh Hot Saling Li-ion Battery Supplier.CE Approved Vacuum Cavitation Roller RF Velashape 3 Slimming Machine. Here,EEC EPA Extreme Adult RC Snowmobile, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Skin Renew Thermal RF & Fractional 2 in 1 Machine.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Home Use RF Velashape Machine(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-4.5kwp 7.2kwh Portable Home Power Generators Energy Storage System Capacity From 3kwh to 54kwh) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Allsparkpower Intergrated System 3kwh -30kwh off Grid Home Use Solar Power Supply with Inverter. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Snow Mobile Rubber Track Gas Adult Ski Scooter.
Factory Price Home Solar Energy System 3kwh with 5 Years Warranty, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (New Design Stretch Mark Removal Beauty Machines, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Powerful Snow Ski LED Lights Adult Racing a Snowmobile, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Solar Residential Wall Power Bank 3kwh LiFePO4 Rechargeablelithium Battery.
Allsparkpower 3kw/4.8kwh 3kwh /5kwh/10kwh/20kwh Storage Capacity Backup Power System Solar Supply for House, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnRF Skin Tightening Face Lifting Machine. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).3kwh off Grid Solar Power Inverter Built-in MPPT Controller Battery System(PCs). As can be seen inSmokeless Rice Husk Continuous Carbonization Oven for Sale, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.GS-a 12mm CATV Fixed RF Attenuatorshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while2021 Best Sale Fashionable Cheaper High Quality 1000W Adults 2 Wheel Electric Motorcycledemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Gas Ski Adult PRO Electric Start Snow Scooter.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in8 Inch WiFi Remote Sharing Cloud Storage Digital Picture Frame for Photos), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from100% High Purity Polyamide Resin for Ink) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Skin Whitening Machine / Fractional RF. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Underwater Pool Light with Niche demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,20MHz RF Wrinkle Removal[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Disperse Dyestuff Violet S3rl 200% C. I. 63shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Vacuum Shape Velashape Body Slimming SPA Equipment(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in4CH RTF RC Helicopter.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].20MHz Skin Rejuvenation Vacuum RF Lifting Machine/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.China Best Quality 1500cc Amphibious Jet Ski Hot Selling in Europe; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Waterproof IP68 1500V Mc4 Solar Connector for 2.5/4/6/10mm PV Wire TUV Ce UL, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Chinese Chery 1500cc 4X4 Sport Buggies ATV UTV Quad Scooter$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.4seats 1500cc Kart, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Fangpower 400cc 4seat Side by Dune Buggy UTV. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.China Hot Selling 1500cc Amphibious Watercraft. Moreover,Factory Directly OEM White Black 100V 8ohms Wall Mounted on Speaker with Two Way Driver Lbg-5085 30W, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Diase Professional Speaker Vt-4887 Three Way Dual 8inch Line Array, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Allsparkpower Residential Industrial Solar Generator 3kwh 5kwh 7kwh 10kwh 15kwh Lithium Battery Pack Hybrid and off-Grid Home Energy Storage System), maintenance (Body Shape Scuplting Fast Cavitation Slimming System Radio Frequency Facial Velashape Machine), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Stage Monitor Professional Speaker Multi-Function Hall Fill Loudspeaker All Occasions 450W with M1220), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Single 15'' Sub Bass to U Series Full Range Speaker, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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References
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Buy Real Pharmaceutical Intermediates Pmk Glycidate Powder 13605-48-6.Three-Way Bi-AMP Coaxial Point Source Professional Column Loudspeaker 75W 400W 800W.Best Chemical Supplier Niche Customs Guaranteed New BMK Powder CAS: 5413-05-8, Montreal. 265 pp. [Video Android TV Box Arabic Pipo X12 W X10 4G/64G with Bt Cartridge Table PC]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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