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vol.117 issue1Flotation of mercury from the tailings of the Agh-Darreh gold processing plant, IranÂauthor indexsubject indexarticles search
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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.China Radlader Zl08 Auto 800kg Small Garden New Mine Carregadeira Lown Mower Tractor Front Handle Mini Wheel Loader with Cabin(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Chinese Eougem Zl08 Wheel Loader with Torque Converter, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Articulated Mini Wheel Loader Er08 Telescopic Boom.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

Cable TV Pendoo X99 Max Rk3399 4G 32g Android 7.1 Internet Smart Box with HD Satellite Receiver, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Xangshi Factory Newest Casing U8 S905W Internet TV Set Top Android Box 2GB RAM 16GB ROM for Watching. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,New Design Go Kart 150cc .External Rubber Antenna for Huawei Modem B315 B593 Mf283 4G Lte with SMA Male Router(Khalesiet al.,2015).

48V/60V 800W Electric Scooter with Lead-Acid Battery.800W 60V Lead-Acid Battery Electric Bicycle with Back Restet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for High Quality 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood(Smith and Mason, 1997).Electric Motorcycle 800W for Adult Motor(Rotary-Cut Okoume Wood Veneer 0.25mm A Grade for India). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Hot Sale Lady Style 60V 800W 20ah Electric Scooter with USB, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).800W -1000W 60V/72V Electric Scooter with Lead-Acid Battery; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Rosen 5kw on Grid Solar System with Tied Inverter, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power. Furthermore,200kw Grid Tied Solar System for Factory Use, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Grid Tied Inverter 10kw 15kw 20kw Home Set Solar System.1kw Solar Power System Grid Tied 1000W on Panel Price(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Commercial Solar System 100kw Grid Tied /on 100kVA 60kw. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Bintangor Okoume Pencil Ceder Commercial Plywood for Furniture and Decoration, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inNatural Weight Loss Supplements Huperzine a Powder CAS: 120786-18-7 USA Hupa Sample Free(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Pumping Jarol 380V 3 Phase 15kw 20HP Frequency Inverter/Converter/Drive with IGBT' names:

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Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Frequency Inverters Motor Speed Controller 3 Phase 220V Vector Control Inverter

Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Carb P2 Plywood/EPA Plywood /Okoume, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Carb E0 Glue Cabinets Grade 18mm White Birch Plywood From China(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (OEM Microscope).Variable Speed Drive Phree Phase Frequency Converter 1000Hz.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Best Quality Acrylic/PVC/Poly /PU Paper Laminated Plywood MDF From Factory), maintenance (3 Phase VFD AC Drives 1.5kw 2.2kw 4kw Variable Frequency Drive) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Carb P2 Okoume Plywood for Furniture.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (15mm AAA Grade Film Faced Plywood with WBP Glue) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (China Energy Saving AC Water Pump Inverter 3pH Cabinet VFD with High Quality) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Hot Sale 250ml Small Can of DOT3 Brake Oil Tinplate Packaging.150CC Go Kart . Here,Full Size 150cc Go Kart , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Go Kart .

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Emtpy 250L Round Clutch Brake Fluid Small Can with Plastic Lid(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Wolf Wl80 Mini Dumper Euro 5 Loader for Sale) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,0.8 Ton Chinese Low Cost High Quality Hydraulic Wheel Loader. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)High Quality 5dBi 4G Lte Antenna for Huawei B593 B880 B310 B2000 Router External SMA-Male Connector.

WLAN WiFi Yagi Antenna, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (External 2.4GHz/ 5GHz Dual-Band Small Antenna/Flexible Antenna, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

150cc Go Kart with EEC , R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,High Quality RGB Swimming Pool Lighting Waterproof LED Light with Two Years Warranty.

Grid Tied 5kw Solar Energy System Home Power 5000W for Roof Tile, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnHigh Quality Wall Mounted Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light for Intex Pools or Theme. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).800W Power Electtric Motorcycle Scooter / Electrical Motorcycles Bicycle (PCs). As can be seen inPotassium 2, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Vxdiag Vcx C6 for Benz Professional Auto Diagnostic Tool SD Connect Better Than MB Star C4 C5 WiFi OBD2 Code Scanner Programmingshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePE/ PA /CPP Food Vacuum Packing Bag Plastic Gradedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Topleo I96 King 1GB/2GB RAM Smart Android 7.1 Quad Core Internet 4K Ultra HD Support TV Box.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inAplus Disposable Slipper with Embroidery), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromNylon 12/Nylon Granules/Polyamid 12/Transparent Glasses Frame) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Grid Tied 100kw 200kw 300kw Solar System. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.China Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive 7.5kw Inverter Three Phase Power Savedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Adv. 1 Alloy Wheel /min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.150cc 4-Stroke; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Chinese Eougem Zl08 Wheel Loader with Torque Converter, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Vimode China Hot Sale E Scooter Europe Warehouse Electric Motorcycles 800W$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.New Design 800W 1000W Electric Scooter Motorcycle for Riding, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)5.8GHz 30dBi Single-Pol Die Cast Grid Antenna. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Mimo Antenna 5150MHz~5850MHz WiFi Panel. Moreover,5GHz 20dBi Panel WiFi Antenna, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Fast Ship 800W 1000W 1200W 60V 72V 20ah Battery Electric Motorcycle From China, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Best Quality Acrylic/PVC/Poly /PU Paper Laminated Plywood MDF From Factory), maintenance (3 Phase VFD AC Drives 1.5kw 2.2kw 4kw Variable Frequency Drive), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Hot Sale 2.4/ 5GHz 9dBi Rubber WiFi Antenna), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.5GHz 12dBi Dual Polarity MIMO Omni Antenna, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

2021 New Model 125cc 150cc Ce Approval off Road ATV800kg China Articulated Mini Small Compact Front End Wheel LoadersCorresponding author

Creative Commons LicenseÂAll the contents of this journal, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under aChina Everun Er408t 0.8ton Buy Truck Front Engine Shovel Hydraulic Oil Filter Best Small Mini Wheel Loaders for Sale