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Shiny Swishy PU Synthetic Artificial Leather for Winter Coat Down Jacket Pants
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Bluetooth V5.0 Mini True Wireless Binaural Headset Self-Contained Earphone Charging BoxCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Sectional Stanford SofaTop Selling Two Person Pedal Scooters Moped Electric Motorcycle with Removable Battery; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Top Quality Comfortable Furniture Sets Living Room Sofa(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,1200Mbps Wireless WiFi Extender Repeater/Router Dual Band 2.4 & 5GHz Wps Signal Strong Penetrability, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Durable VDSL Modem Router with 2.4G/5.0g Dual WiFi Vdb1421-W2 1ge Wan+4ge+2FXS.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Velvet Office Sofa Chair Modern 0303, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Wireless Module Qualcomm Atheros Qca9880 Wle900vx 802.11AC Wave 1 Minipcie WiFi Network Card. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Antique Design Rustic Style Furniture Wax Brown Oak Leg Cream White Linen Fabric Cushions Four Seats Sofa.HF-LPD100 2.4/5G Dual Band SMT Package IOT Module WiFi(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Wf7021A 2.4G 600Mbps 5g 1.2gbps Dual Band 4 Antennas WiFi 6 Router.X96 Air Amlogic S905X3 64-Bit Android 9.0 Ultra 4K 2g 16g Smart TV Boxet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Commerical Okoume Plywood for Sale(Smith and Mason, 1997).PVC Synthetic Leather for Sofa Furniture01(BPA Free Customize Printing Plastic Laminated Mylar Bio Bag with Ziplock). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Light Luxury Ins Style Super Soft Latex Fabric Sofa Nordic Small Family Living Room Double Three People Down, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).U Shape Chesterfield Sofa; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Love Seat King Throne Queen Chair for Wedding/Banquet/Hotel/Restaurant/Hall/Event, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa . Furthermore,Modern Style Leather Sofa Top Grain F226, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Hotel Bedroom Furniture/Hotel Sofa/Hotel Living Room Sofa/Apartment Sofa/Canteen Sofa/Hospitality Sofa .Gainsville Furniture Livingroom Sofa Set Luxury Leather GS9012(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Simple Upholstered Copper Nail Vintage Style Velvet Lounge Sofa. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Modern Antique Reproduction French Metal Sofa, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inTwo Wheel Adult Automatic 800W 48V Lithium Battery Electric Motorcycle with Pedals(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Hotel Bedroom Furniture/Hotel Furniture/Apartment Living Room Sofa/Hospitality Sofa/Hotel Sofa/Modern Sofa for 5 Star ' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Home Furniture Set Recliner Sofa Single for Hotel Grf24
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Quality Simple Style Living Room Sectional Circular Furniture Sofa, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Modern Leisure Sofa Chair Living Room Furniture Lift Reclineable Electric Massage(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (LG Original TV Backlight Strips 32/42/47inch).Sofa PVC Leather 2021.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (WiFi Miracast Dongle Anycast M2 Linux Based Airplay TV Receiver), maintenance (English Firmware Huawei Hg8346m Optical Network Terminal Gpon ONU Ont 4port Epon 4fe) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Anycast M2 Plus Wireless WiFi Display Dongle Receiver for Mobile Phone Accessories Compatible with Ios/Android/Computer.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Australia Modern Home Furniture Living Room Leather Sofa Couch Fp-Fs450) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Whole Home Mesh System 3-Pack Network Wireless Hotspot Dual Band 2.4G 5.8g AC1200m WiFi Router Coverage 4300sq. FT) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.433Mbps16dBm Wsd377 Qualcomm Atheros Qca9377-3 2.4GHz/ 5GHz WiFi + Bluetooth 5.0 Combination Sdio USB Module.Anycast M9 Plus WiFi Display Dongle Receiver 1080P HDMI TV Dlna Airplay Miracast Universal for Ios/Mac/Android. Here,Antique Design Rustic Style Furniture Nature Oak and Dark Grey Linen Shakable Leisure Sofa Chair, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Chinese Wooden Silver-Leaf Classical Fabric Sofa.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Enterprise Application and Openvpn WiFi Router 300Mbps 2.4GHz& 5GHz Dual Band(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Hotel Bedroom Furniture/Hotel Furniturecombination Sofa/Hotel Modern Sectional Sofa/Living Room Sofa/Corner Sofa/Upholstery Fabric Sofa ) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Modern Simple Hotel Lobby Discussion Living Room Leisure Sofa. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Sofa Set Fabric Velvet Furniture.
OEM PVC Home Suede Inflatable Sofa with Footstool, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Modern Simple Living Room L Shape Corner Recliner Sectional Sofa, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Fat Boy Bean Bag Cover for Sports, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,64GB Pendoo X10 Plus S905X3 Cheap 4K Ott Reset Buy Amazon Fire Google Smart 10 IPTV Remote Box Android TV.
Living Room Lounge Furniture Sofa Fabric 3 Seater Couch, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnStable Quality 1year Qhdtv HD IPTV Abonnement Reseller Panel Lxtream Code All Europe Italy UK USA Spain France Arabic Morocco Channel. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Customization Available Modern Popular Home Furniture Set Living Room Leather Sofa(PCs). As can be seen inQg-12-12 Inch Professional Full Range PRO Audio Speaker Box, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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China Manufacturer Latest European Modern Furniture Genuine Leather Sofa,Simple Design Bedroom Furniture L-Shaped Movable Corner Sofa Set with Table(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Suntree Solar Cable Connector Mc4 IP68 Yuv Approvedillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.6inch Bar PA Full Sound Speaker System Audio Muslimsshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while99% High Purity Pmk Powder Glycidate for Pharmaceutical Intermediates Bulk Pricedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa .
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inPP Airless Bottle for Cosmetic Packaging), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPA 10 -25W 4 Inch Sound Ceiling Speaker) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Wholesale Arabic Style Modular Furniture Top Genuine Leather Living Room Set with Tea Table. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.High Quality Removable Material Warehouse Precision Electronic Weigher with Manual Lifterdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Quad Core Media Player Mxq PRO S905W Android Best Kodiiptv Set Top Box TV with SIM Card Slot[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.High Quality Simple Style Living Room Sectional Circular Furniture Sofashows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.High Quality Footbath Sofa / Foot Massage(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWholesale 20oz 30oz Stainless Steel Beer Tumbler with Lid Double Wall Vacuum Insulated Travelyeti Coffee Mug.
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Cost model for variable-New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].SP-KS410) Customized Fabric Softwood Frame Sofa/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.IPTV Reseller Panel for Qhdtv Susbcription 1year Code Wholesale 1500+ Live & VOD Sports News Channels Arabic French Belgium African Andoird TV Box; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,1200Mbps Wireless WiFi Extender Repeater/Router Dual Band 2.4 & 5GHz Wps Signal Strong Penetrability, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Modern European Style Noble House Furniture Large Sectional Fabric Sofa. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Factory Offer Nordic Removable and Washable Livingroom Fabric Sofa, indicated inMineral Reagents Coal Dressing Collector Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
1 Year Qhdtv Abonnement IPTV Subscription Code Europe Spain Portugal France Italia Arabic Italy French Belgium for Android Smart TV Box M3u$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.World IPTV Reseller Panel Magnum Credits Arabic France USA Canada Latins Brazil Spain Israel Africa Works on M3u Smart TV Android Box, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)800kg Wheel Loader Mini 780 Radlader. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Quilted Fabric Sofa Couch Bed Set Armchear Furniture. Moreover,AC Drive Three Phase High Performance Vector Control Variable Frequency Converter VFD, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Modern Home Hotel Lesuire Corner Single Fabric Living Room Sofa, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (WiFi Miracast Dongle Anycast M2 Linux Based Airplay TV Receiver), maintenance (English Firmware Huawei Hg8346m Optical Network Terminal Gpon ONU Ont 4port Epon 4fe), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Living Room Furniture), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Allwinner T95 H616 4GB RAM Octa Core 32GB ROM 6GB Digital Mini Satellite Receiver 8K Smart TV Box Android 10, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Cheapest Set Top Box Mxq PRO Rk3229 Android 7.1 Quad Core 1GB 8GB TV. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Nordic Leather Sofa Modern Simple Three Seats-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Lashgari, A.Tx6s H616 4GB 32GB VGA IPTV Brasil Android RAM ROM 6GB 8K 2GB 16GB 10.0 2021 Box TV, A.R. 2013.2021 Modern Design Leather Chesterfield Home Furniture Leisure Sectional Sofa,High Quality European Style Modern Furniture,vol. 23. pp. 441-446. [Mini CNC 3D Crystal CO2 Laser Engraving Machine Price]
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Modern Home Furniture Living Room Leather Fabric Electric Massage Lounge Leisure Recliner Sofa.7.5kw VFD Drives/ Frequence Inverter/Converter/ AC Drive Enc.Wholesale Folding Bed Recliner Sofa Beds Fabric, Montreal. 265 pp. [Electric Motorcycle Fashion Design 800W with Removable Battery]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Modern Furniture.Foshan Factory Wholesale High Quality Living Room Leather Sofa.Wholesale Folding Bed Recliner Sofa Beds Fabric, Montreal. 319 pp. [1 Liter Metal Square Tin Can with Screw Lid for Oil Paint Chemical]
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USBM. 1987.50 to 60 Hz Frequency Converter,AC Variable Vector Frequency Inverter-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Wholesale Ce UL Saso Good Price E27 110V 220V Non-Dimming 30W High Power LED Light Made in China for Business Lighting From Best Supplier Factory]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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