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S. Arfania; A.R.AC Drive Inverter Low Frequency PowerCoaxial Single 10inch Professional Surround Speaker Two-Way Cinema Hall 250W with PC10190808; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.0.75kw Output Single Phase AC Converter Frequency Inverter VFD Pump(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,AC Drive Variable Drive, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.China AC Drive Manufacturers.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

China AC Drive Frequency Inverter Manufacturer Supplier, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Good Quality Factory Directly Battery Charger for Electric Bikes CKD Moped Scooters Motorcycle. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,1500W Electric Motorcycle.High Speed Electric Motorcycle Scooter(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Bl-Xgz Electric Motorcycle.Factory Wholesale Tx3 S905X3 Quad Core Bt 4.1 Great Arabic 64bit 4GB 64GB TV Box Androidet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 99.9% Levamisole HCl/Levamisole Hydrochloride CAS 16595-80-5 Manufacturer with Enough Stock(Smith and Mason, 1997).Hot Cheap Electric Scooter for Two Seats 60V800W20ah with USB Charger(Gospell End-to-End Solution Digital Video Services Rights Management System Interface STB). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Bl-Xgw Electric Motorcycle, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Yineng Yn725 Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Yn725 Mini Small Perkins Engine Wheel Loader, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.21kw Grid- Tied Solar Power System with 25 Years Working Time. Furthermore,Home Solar System 2kw Panel, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Morel Free Shipping 10kw on Grid Tied PV Solar System Home Use for Lighting Heating Air Conditioner.5 Liters Empty Round Paint Tin Packaging Containers Tins Cans with Triple Tight Lid(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Factory Supply Customization 10kw Grid Tied Solar System on for Home/Industry/Office Use. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Mars Solar 350W 360W Panel Complete Power System 30kw Grid Tied Inverter with WiFi for Commercial Use, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in99% G-Butyrolactones Aminobutyric Acid Organic Solvents 1litre Fast Delivery(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;High Quality 5000W Grid Tied Solar Power Generation System Competitive Price' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Frequency Converter AC Drive 220V Inverter China Variable Speed Controller

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,4 Liter Metal Tin Can F-Style with Lid and Plastic Handle for Oil, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Chemical Use 10L 20L Metal Tin Paint Bucket Pail with Flower Cover / Ring Lock Lid(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (60" 60 Inch Flat Screen Android Television Home LED TV LCD Smart).Innopack 16oz 0.5liter Biodegradable Plastic Cold Pressed Juice Bottle with Screw Cap.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (7.5 Liter Protein Powder Tubs Jars for Sports Food/HDPE Plastic Container), maintenance (5 Liter Round Empty Protein Powder Jars for Sports Food/HDPE Plastic Container) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Yn725g Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Articulated Loader Mini Compact Wheel with Shovel) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Good Quality Empty Metal Tin Paint Glue Cans) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Everun 0.8ton Chinese Articulated Mini Wheel Loader.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 1t 0.5cbm Capacity. Here,500ml Round Resealable Tin Can with Easy Open Screw Top Lid, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Compact wheel loader snow pusher landscaping.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Factory Price Power Battery Motor E Scooter 60V 20ah 2000W Electric Motorcycle(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Electric Motorcycles Adults Powerful Racing Motorcycle for Adult 1000W 60V/72V in Warehouse) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Frequency Drive Converter Solar Pump Inverter. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)China E Bike Electric Bicycle 48V 20A Ebike Nakto Motorcycle.

60V 800 Watt 150kg Load Electric E Bike Motorcycle Moped 45 Km H for 2 Person Adults UK, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Adult Electric Motorcycle/Electric Bike/E-Bike W Waterproof with Double Disc Brakes/2 Wheel Scooter, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

China Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter AC 220V, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Adult Electric Motorcycle/Scooter 60V20ah Lithium Battery China.

Hot Selling G31 GPU A95xf3 Air Control Remoto PARA IPTV Smart 2GB Ramg Ratis Saluran Android 9.0 Box TV, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnAC Drive Frequency Variable General Power Supply Solar Motor Pump. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Pipo X8 PRO Win 10 Android 5.1 Z8350 Support Bluetooth 4.0 7 Inch Tablet PC(PCs). As can be seen inFactory-Enginneered Veneer Ash in 0.30mm, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Dual 12 Inch Fiver Drivers Passive/Active Line Array PRO Audio Systemshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywooddemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Factory Price 7000W Home Solar Power Generator System Grid Tied.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inTungsten Carbide Punch Die Button Guide), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFrequency Converter 75HP Three Phases) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Everun Brand CE Approved Articulated 0.8 Ton Wheel Loader. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Good Solution Polyamide Resin PA for Untreated Film Sunmidedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Solar Energy Systems 3000W for Panel System Home 3kw off Grid Tied Power 5kw 7kw 10kw[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Kas DJ Speaker Dual Line Array 18 Inch Subwoofershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.1393 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inManufacturer Transparent Crystal Epoxy Hard DIY Crafts River Table Infusion Yellowing Resistant Resin Ab Glue.

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Cost model for variable-Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Professional Electric Adult Motorcycle 70km/H Cheap Fast Coc Design; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,AC Drive Variable Drive, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Haolin Lithium Battery 60V/20ah$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Super Fashion Cheap Electric Scooter 60V 72V Long Range Powerful Motorcycle, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Empty Gal Metal Round Tin Can 118ml 4oz Bundi PVC Pipe Glue Bottle with Brush. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Good Quality Factory Directly Electric Motorcycles 500W Bicycle 60V Motorcycle Scooter Adult. Moreover,High Speed CKD SKD Pedals Disc Brake Electric Motorcycle Scooter for Olderly or Adult, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Adult Electric Motorcycle with Lithium Battery China, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (7.5 Liter Protein Powder Tubs Jars for Sports Food/HDPE Plastic Container), maintenance (5 Liter Round Empty Protein Powder Jars for Sports Food/HDPE Plastic Container), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Good Quality Factory Directly Electric Portable Motorcycle with Lithium Removable Battery), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Hot Sale Factory Direct Supply 60/72V Electric Scooter Green Power Adult E-Motorcycle, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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