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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Scooter with Stable Function and Nice Outside Looking(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Motorcyle for Both Oil and Water Cooling, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.150cc China Gas Motor Cargo Trike for Sale .

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Sw-1000p Ophthalmic Pachymeter, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Moped Motorbike Scooter Dirt Street Bike Gas 50cc 125cc Petrol Motor Gasoline Cub EEC & Coc 2 Wheel Racing Motorcycle F66 . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,24 Modules Fixed Head End CATV Modulator.860MHz Two Way Amplifier (Khalesiet al.,2015).

5GHz Parabolic Grid Antenna 24dBi.5GHz 30dBi Mimo Dish Antennaset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 350ml Cmyk Printing Empty Motorbike Engine Flush Shooter Tin Can for Speed Gasoline Additive(Smith and Mason, 1997).China Factory Supplier Ophthalmic Equipment Ab Scan(High Quality Laminated Food Grade Roll Film). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Internal 2.4GHz/ 5GHz Antenna/TV Antenna/Stainless Steel with Rg1.13 Dual-Band Antenna, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).24 Channels Fixed Modulator; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna 2*17dBi, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.12" 13 Inch Aluminum Alloy and Steel Wheel for Minicar. Furthermore,Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Skoda, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Best Price Sab-500 Ophtalmic Ab Scan.Portable Full Digital Ophthalmic a/B Ultrasound Scanner Mslmd25(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Pack 36V 10ah Lithium Ion Bottle/Dolphin Ebike 18650. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (80kw Grid Tied Solar System for Commercial or Industrial Use, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inPain Release Best Oral Capsules Procaine Pure Raw Materials Novocaine CAS: 51-05-8(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Ho-500 High Quality Ophthalmic Ultrasound Eye Diagnosis System' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,CATV Mini Line Extending 2-Way Amplifer

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,20MHz Probe Ophthalmology Ultrasound MD-2300S, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),860MHz Two Way Amplifier (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Manufacturer Full HD Flat Screen Smart Television 32 Inch LED TV for LG Panel).Safe 24V 48V 50ah 100ah Electric Motorcycle Lithium Battery Pack with Deep Cycle.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Ophthalmic a Scan Portable Handheld Biometer), maintenance (Ebike Battery Pack Li-ion 36V 10ah Lithium for Electric Scooter with Long Cycle Life) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Allsparkpower Solar 48V 5kw Inverter 10kwh Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Battery Storage for Home Power System.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (500W Air-Cooled Wide Band UHF Digital TV Transmitter DTV) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (10kw Cheap Solar Panels Complete Grid Tied System) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.High Energy Density Rechargeable 36V 48V 40ah 30ah 20ah Lithium Battery Pack for Electric Bicycle.Home Solar Energy Storage System 3.2V Battery Bank LiFePO4 100ah 50ah 20ah 10ah Lithium Pack. Here,1380 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Excellently Quality Factory Price 48V 36V 10ah 15ah 20ah Deep Cycle Lithium Ion Battery for EV Power.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.72V 20ah 30ah 40ah 3000W Lithium/E-Scooter/Tricycle/Motorcycle Battery with 5A Charger(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-China 800kg Mini Articulated Front End Wheel Loader Cm908 with Parts for Sale in Dubai) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Everun Er08 CE Wheel Loader with Standard Bucket for Sale. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)China Cpm Zl08 Mini Wheel Loaders with Price List for Sale.

Wholesale Factory 12V 200ah Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Battery 24V, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Loader, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

18watt IP68 AC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Waterproof LED Pool Light, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Samll EPA 0.8ton Tractor Loader.

Closed Motorized China Cargo Tricycle with Box , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnCovered Tricycle Carriage Closed Cargo Box. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Waterproof IP68 PC Resin Filled Warm/Cool White Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty(PCs). As can be seen inYn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for BMW X1/X2/X3/X4/X5/X6 Seriesshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePrinted Food Pasta Packaging Manufacture Stand up Pouch Candy Bags Custom Logo Matte Plastic Smell Proof Cookies Nut Vegetable Powder Color Recyclable Beanbagdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Cone Top 1 Liter Glue Usage Tin Can.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inKanghu Doctor's Mask Medical Surgical Ear Hanging White), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromEverun 2021 Brand Ce Certificated Er08 Small Construction Machinery Wheel Loader with Snow Blade) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Super Hot Sale 18W AC Warm/Cool White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Plastic PVC|PE|PP|PPR|Agriculture Water|Gas|Irrigation Pipe|Faux Marble Sheet|Foam Board Floor|Roofing Tile|Extruder|Extrusion Making Machine Production Linedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,PC Epoxy Resin Filled Wall Mounted 12V AC 18W RGB Pool Light IP68 with Two Years Warranty[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Best Price Bulk Powder Retinyl Palmitate 79 -81-2shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.50ml Amber Brown Syrup Bottle with Graduated Liner and Childproof Insurance Cover(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHot Sales Latest Fashion Luxury Crystal Brooch.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Tricycle with Wagon 3 Wheel Motorcycle Box/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Quality Hot Sale PC Epoxy Resin Filled 12V AC 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chips; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Motorcyle for Both Oil and Water Cooling, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Hot PC Resin Filled 18W AC RGB Wall Mounted LED Underwater Light with Two Years Warranty$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.20watt Mopa Laser Marking Machine for Anodized Aluminum Black, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Hot Model 18W IP68 Cool White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Pool Lighting with Edison Chips. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty. Moreover,2021 New E Bike Best Mini Electric for Adults, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Power Saver Device , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Ophthalmic a Scan Portable Handheld Biometer), maintenance (Ebike Battery Pack Li-ion 36V 10ah Lithium for Electric Scooter with Long Cycle Life), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,1liter Empty Paint Tin Can with Lids Factory), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,60V800W Electric Scooter with Highlight Rear Box. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Empty Canister White Metal Round Packaging Cans Box Tea Tins-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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