GENERAL PAPERS

Radiate Pine Face VeneerCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Variable Frequency Drive VFD Supplier AC Converter 50Hz to 60Hz with Vector ControlProfessional Stage Bass Sound System 15 Inch Subwoofer Speaker Ls500; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.China Zl08 Payloader 0.8 Ton Min Articulated Hydraulic Mini Front End Wheel Loader(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,0.8ton Compact Loader Wheel in Europe, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.4 Kw China Frequency Converter Power Supply Motor Drive 3 Phase Inverter.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

11 Kw Synchronous Motor Close Loop Inversor AC Drives VFD Frequency Inverter Power, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Front Loader. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Without Cabin.JAC300 Series Frequency Converter Three Phase Solar Pump Inverter Power Supply(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Without Cabin.Km3 Collective 4GB 64GB TV Box Google Certified ATVet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Pain Release Best Oral Capsules Procaine Pure Raw Materials Novocaine CAS: 51-05-8(Smith and Mason, 1997).China Everun Er408t 0.8ton Truck Front Engine Shovel Hydraulic Bucket Small Mini Wheel Loaders for Sale(231c Dual 31-Banddigital Graphic Equalizer/Limiter). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Natural Wood Woven and Strand Bamboo Veneer Sheets Comaccord, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).High Quality Ebony Engineered Wood Veneer for Hot Sale; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,China Manufacturer Decorative Engineered Wood Veneer, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Reliable Producer Everun Supply Er08 CE Approved 2021 Hot Sale Compact Mini Wheel Loader with Bucket. Furthermore,Gabon Okoume Veneer a B C D Grade From Factory to India, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Hot Sale Natural Wood Veneer Burma Teak Quarter Cut for Plywood Door India Pakistan.Hot Sale Birch Wood Veneer Core for Plywood(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Pendoo X10 Max International Best Custom Set Top Box 4GB 32GB TV Converter Ott 4K Smart Android. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (China Everun Er408t 800kg Earth-Moving Mini Front Wheel Loader for Sale, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inL-Arginine Nutritional Supplements  Arginine  Flavoring Agents(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Zl08 800kg Mini Tractors with Front End Dumper Loader' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Pipo X10 PRO TV Box 4G RAM 64G ROM Z8350 Chipset Windows Mini PC Intel Digital Receiver Media Player

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Hybrid 3kw Solar Grid Tied Roof Top System Home Power, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Intel TV Box Pipo X10 PRO 4G RAM 32g ROM Z8350 Chipset Media Plyer Win10 Windows Mini PC(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (High Speed Automatic Short Line Crash Lock Bottom Box Folder Gluer).Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz Fan Speed Controller Solar Power Inverter China.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Mini 220V Single Phase Input 2.2kw 3HP VFD Variable Frequency Converter Professional for Motor Speed Control), maintenance (Variable Frequency Converter Type Input 3 pH Drive Price Power Inverter Fan Motor) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,General Type Input 3 pH 380V Frequency Converter Variable AC Drive.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (0.8ton Agricultural Tractor Mini/Small Front Wheel Loader) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Teak Wood Veneer Woven Design for Plywood Door) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.AC Drive Using Solution Building Hoist Construction Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 7.5kw.Zl08 Wheel Loader Wl80 Wolf Mini. Here,Zl08 0.8ton Articulated Hydraulic Farm Wheel Loader Tractor, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Popular hot selling 0.8ton mini wheel loader/ front end loader with bucket on sale.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.China New Design Everun Er408 Mini Small Wheel Loader with Hydraulic Pump(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-3 Phase AC Drive for Water Pump and Fan) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,910 Alicosolar 10kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)E0 Glue1250*2500mm Wenge Engineer Veneer for Decoration.

Wood Woven and Strand Bamboo Veneer Sheets, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Rotary Cut Bintagor Veneer for Panels and Furniture with Good Price, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

High Quanlity 1 Phase 3 AC Drive VFD for Pump, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Factory-Okoume Veneer 0.25mm-0.60mm in a and B Grade.

Engineered Ebony Veneer Ecowood Reconstituted Macassar Quarter Cut, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn899 Alicosolar 9kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Promotional Commercial Tx6s Ota Auto Update Android 4K Ott TV Box Firmware Allwinner H616 4GB 32GB(PCs). As can be seen inCustom Printed Food Grade Ziplock Plastic Pouch Packaging Bag, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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0.75kw 1HP AC Frequency Inverter,Round Gloss Tin Can Metal for Edible Olive Oil Canning(CSFM) is presented here as an example.2021 Popular Outdoor LCD display Alone Instagram Photo Boothillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Horn Professional Speaker H3shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileElectric Portable Truck Car Frame Beam Metal Coding Machine Pneumatic Marking Sw-Pdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Universal Vector Inverter.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inPower Supply Single Output Ultra-Thin Industrial Switching 150W12V12.5A), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Light) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.High-Performance Variable Frequency Inverter 3-Phase 380V. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Custom Waterproof and Oil Sealing Round Metal Tin Candemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Wl80 Mini Loader From Wolf[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Strong Corrosion Resistance High Overload Pressure Sensorshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Wolf Mini Wheel Loader Wl950 Farm(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inLED Pet Collar with Lights for Safety Product Supply Dog.

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Cost model for variable-Zl08 0.8 Ton Mini/Small Articulated Hydraulic Front End Wheel Loader

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Tin Cans with Metal Cover for Paint or Chemical Packaging/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Yihe Brand 300-600m Face/Core Veneer Door Furniture Paper Tape Reeling and Gummed for Joining Repairing; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,0.8ton Compact Loader Wheel in Europe, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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0.28mm Red Oak Artificial Veneer$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Olive Oil Metal Container Edible Tin Can with Plastic Lid, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)5L Engine Motor Oil Can Screw Top Rectangular Metal Tin. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Pipo X8 Win 10 + Android 4.4 Dual Boot Intel Z3736f Mini PC TV Box Wholesale Smart Set Top. Moreover,Factory Outlets 4GB 4K A95xf3 Air Android WiFi Firmware Update Amlogic S905X3 2GB Free Porm TV Box, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (New Product T95 Max+ S905X3 World 9.0 6K 4G Lte Download User Manual for Max 4K Smart Android Box TV, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Mini 220V Single Phase Input 2.2kw 3HP VFD Variable Frequency Converter Professional for Motor Speed Control), maintenance (Variable Frequency Converter Type Input 3 pH Drive Price Power Inverter Fan Motor), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Food Grade 280ml Empty Tin Can for Camellia Oil), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.800W Fashion Power Motorcycle Cheap Electric, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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