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China Jiaxing Jarol Frequency Inverter 0.75kw/220V NewCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.5kw Philippines Photovoltaic Offgrid Grid Tied Inverter Solar Power System HomeCPP High Temperature Vacuum Retort Pouch; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Solar Power System 8kw Grid Tied Solution(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,CE China manufacturers mini wheel loader for sale at cheap price, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Wolf Agricultural Machinery Construction Small Front End Wheel Loader with Euro5 and Tier4 Engine.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

China Portable Medical Ophthalmic a/B Ultrasound Scanner Pachymeter with B Probe for Eyes, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,6000W 200V-240V AC Single Phase on Gird/ Grid- Tied Solar Power Energy System. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Ce Approved 10 Inch Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer .5GHz 10dBi Wideband Omni WLAN Antenna(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Jy125t-36c 125cc Scooter with Cdi and Efi.5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarized Panel Antenna et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Plastic PVC|PE|PP|PPR|Agriculture Water|Gas|Irrigation Pipe|Faux Marble Sheet|Foam Board Floor|Roofing Tile|Extruder|Extrusion Making Machine Production Line(Smith and Mason, 1997).2021 New Arrival China Supplying Internet TV Set Top Box Smart 4K HD 4GB Android 9 Amlogic S922X(Anti Explosion High Stability Sealed Pressure Sensor). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)5GHz 23dBi Enclosure WLAN Antenna, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).16" Inch Steel Wheel for Toyota Prado Land Cruiser; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,off Road 200cc Motorcycle for Hot Sale, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.off Load 150cc Motorcycle with High Speed. Furthermore,China 125cc Moto Efi Euro 4 2t 4t Stroke Motorcycle Motor 49cc 50cc 150cc Moped EPA EEC Gas Scooter, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-China Al-Gw6 800W Electric Motorbike with 60V/20ah Battery.Linux TV Box International Internet Smart IPTV Zgemma I55(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for BMW. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (20" Inch Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Astonmartin, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inloader with excavator grapple wheel mini for sale good quality(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;2021 Google Certified Internet HDD Full HD 1080P Xangshi U7 S905W 2RAM 8ROM Android Media Player' names:

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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),IN-A4CPL Portable Wireless WiFi ultrasound color doppler scanner machine(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Best Chrome Emblem Plastic Grill Logo Badge).Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometer Made in China.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Diesel Central Drive Three Wheel Dumper for Sale), maintenance (Chinese Product Best Price Microconvex Wireless Mini Ultrasound Scanner) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Clinical Equipment Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer for Hospital.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Apr125 White Motorcycle) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Apr125 Red Motorcycle) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Apr125-2 White Motorcycle.Underwater Swimming Pool Light Decoration LED Lamp. Here,IN-AC5MC USB mobile scan cheapest pocket handheld hospital ultrasound scanner, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Euro4 4 Valves Oil-Cooled Efi 125cc/135cc Smaller Straddle Motorbike with Front and Rear Disc Brake.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.350cc Motorcycle with Double-Cylinder & Water-Cooled Engine (SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Popular Medical Device Automatic Bone Densitometer) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Diesel Cargo Three Wheel Tricycle for Sale From China. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Diesel Dump Central Steering Drive Three Wheeler From China for Sale.

Chinese Diesel Three Wheel Tricycle with Sunshade, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (One and Half Rows Three Wheeler for Sale, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Chinese Wholesale Gas Powered EPA Ce Trike Scooter 300cc, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Adult 800W Power Electric Scooter Suit for Woman.

800W Electric Motorbike with Front Disc Brake, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnHot Selling 60V 800W /72V 1200W New Electric Scooter/E-Scooter Motorcycle. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).dB002e Hot Sell Electric Motorcycle 800W and Kids 500W with Ce for(PCs). As can be seen in0.6m 5GHz Parabolic Antenna with Gain 28dBi, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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800W 60V20ah Lead-Acid Battery Electric Scooter Motorcycle,New Energy Pedal Electric Scooter Max Speed 35km/H 350W 500W 800W Motor Power(CSFM) is presented here as an example.High Power Two-Way Full Range PRO Audio Speaker Box Systemillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.AC Frequency Converter2HP 1phaseshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileTrimethyl Cisdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,5GHz 30dBi Grid Parabolic Antenna .

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHobby Rotary CNC Engraving Router with 600mmx900mmx150mm Qd-6090r), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHigh Quality with Good Price Oxytetracycline HCl Powder) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.2.4/ 5GHz Dual Band H-Pol Sector Antenna. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.KTV Single 8" Full Range Audio&Setsdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Electric Dirt Bike Zm-Es18 with 500W- 800W Motor[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Cheap Recycled Brown Kraft Paper Bag with Window 7&Slider Different Capacities Ziplock Manufacturer Heat Sealable Food Storage Doypack Packaging Containershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.5GHz 20dBi Enclosure WLAN Antenna(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inProtective Face Mask Surgical Medical Mask.

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Cost model for variable-5GHz 45deg Dual Pol Sector Antenna

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].5GHz 23dBi Enclosure WiFi Antenna/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.5GHz Dual Pol Sector Antenna with Enclosure ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,CE China manufacturers mini wheel loader for sale at cheap price, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

5GHz 34dBi Dish WLAN Antenna. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarization Sector WiFi Antenna, indicated in1.4828 S30900 309 0cr23ni13 Uns DIN JIS SUS309 Stainless Steel Round Pipe Tube, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

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Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Hot Sale on-Grid 20kw Grid Tied Solar Power Home System. Moreover,E1 Glue Malamine Mositure-Proof MDF with Carb Certification, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (High Quality Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Diesel Central Drive Three Wheel Dumper for Sale), maintenance (Chinese Product Best Price Microconvex Wireless Mini Ultrasound Scanner), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Quality 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Mini Wheel Loader Er08 with Hydrostatic Transmission System for Sale, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,30kw Grid Tied Solar Power System Home Popular in Philippines. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.New Condition Large Capacity Mini Truck Dumper-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

Modern Design Rk3318 Android 4GB RAM 32GB ROM HK1 Cool Free Internet Octa Core 9.0 Set Top TV Box3HP 1 Phase Frequency ConverterCorresponding author