GENERAL PAPERS

Manufacturer Supply 1Cost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Edible Oil Can Manufacturer Square Food Grade Metal TinKraft Paper Flat Bottom Bag with Ziplock; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.China Titanhi Zl08 800kg Compact Agricultural 0.8t Micro Pay Loader 4WD(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Compact structure mini loader/wheel loader/ with 0.8ton bucket for building construction, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.CE Approved Wolf 0.8ton Bulldozer Mini Loader with Bucket.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

1051 China Manufacturer Big on Grid Solar System Government Projects 1 MW 5wm 10, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,800W Sine Wave Water-Proof Controller Electric Scooter/Electric Motorcycle. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Metal Tin Can Engine Oil Empty Tinplate Container.Rosen 35kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market(Khalesiet al.,2015).

800W High Speed Electric Scooter/Bike.800W 60V20ah Brushless Electric Motorcycleset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Pigment Violet 1 or Fast Rose Toner/Fast Lake(Smith and Mason, 1997).10L Customized Tin Cans Paint Coating Used Metal Square Can(Mx Series Analog Audio Mixer with EQ and DSP Mx-18fx for Professional Use). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)500W/ 800W / 1000W E Scooter/Electric Moped/Electric Bike, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Square Engine Oil Can Metal Paint Tin Container with Plastic Lid; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,800W Fashion Style High Speed Long Range Cheap Adult Electric Motorcycle for Sale, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Cheap Small Electric Scooter Moped 800W Motorcycle. Furthermore,Frequency Converter for Small Power Motors 3pH 380V 50/60Hz, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Manufacturer of Rectangular Brake Oil Motor Engine Tin Can.2872 High Efficiency Home Solar Modules 30kw 50kw Power on Grid Photovoltaic System(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Automobile Paint Can 5L Square Tin with Metal Cap for Ink Oil. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (866 5kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inCustomized Windows or Android Sunlight Readable Waterproof All Weather HDMI Touchscreen Monitor Ad LCD Display Digital Signage Kiosk(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Food Grade Metal Tin Can with Printing Logo for Cooking Oil' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Special Design Braided Veneer with Red Walnut

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Natural Wood Bintangor Face Veneer for Door and Furniture, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Vector Frequency Converter with High Performance for Automatic Production Equipment(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Fresh Crop Excellent Grade Frozen Diced Carrot).Natural Horizontal Bamboo Veneer for Panel Board.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Frequency Converter with SVC and Vf Control 380V 50/60Hz), maintenance (Electric Motorcycle ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,High-Performance Frequency Converter Three Phase 380V 50/60Hz.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (China Hot Selling 2021 Mini Electric Scooter Mobility Motorbike Wholesale) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Electric Motorcycle ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Electric Motorcycle .Electric Motorcycle. Here,Electric Motorcycle , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-750ml Metal Tin Can Container for Chili Oil Canning.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Hot Sale Food Packaging Tin Can for Cooking Oil with Plastic Lids(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Metal Engine Oil Can Recycling Lubricant Tin Packaging Container) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,2L Galvanized Tin Cans for Cooking Oil with Plastic Lids. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Electric Motorcycles .

Made in China Solar System 10kw 20kw 30kw 40kw 50kw Energy for Industry, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Everun Er08 800kg New CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

800W Aluminium Alloy Wheel Hubs Sport Electric Motorcycle, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Zl08 Chargeuse Wheel Loader.

Professional Manufacturer Everun Er08 CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn500W EEC Electric scooter. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Electric Motorcycle (PCs). As can be seen inFootball Basketball Soccer Stadium Sport Court High Mast Lighting Aluminum Floodlight 100W 200W 300W 500W 800W Outdoor LED Flood Light, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Wechip Customized Booting Logo Rk3318 H96 Max 4+32GB/4+64GB IPTV Set Top Box 4K,OEM 1500W EEC Electric Scooter (CSFM) is presented here as an example.Plastic Smell Proof Custom Printed Ziplock Stand up Weed Mylar Bags with Window Hemp Packing Bag 3 Side Heat Sealed Laminated Foil Container for Coconut Sugarillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Hot Sale on-Grid 20kw Grid Tied Solar Power Home Systemshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileInternet TV Box Linux IPTV Zgemma I55demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,New Arrival 4K Smart S905X2 TV Box 4+64GB X96 Mini.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inE27 5W 7W 9W 12W Human Body Infrared LED Bulbs PIR Motion Sensor Light Bulb), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromRed Oak Veneered MDF for Interior Design and Renovations) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.2L Empty Tin Container for Engine Oil Lubricant. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.K10 K20 P30 Tungsten Carbide Plate Strips for Cuttingdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,High-Performance Three Phase Frequency Converter 380V 50/60Hz[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Super 20MHz RF Beauty Machineshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Electric Motorcycle (a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inPromotional Customized Special Shape Ceramic Coffee Mug with Cerative Designs in Cheap Price.

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Cost model for variable-EEC Electric Scooter

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].800w /1100w EEC Electric Scooter /min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Factory Produce Natural Face Veneer Size 1220X1830X0.25mm; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Compact structure mini loader/wheel loader/ with 0.8ton bucket for building construction, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

Electric Motorcycle/Scooter/Bike . Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.800W EEC Electric Motorcycle, indicated inKaraoke Wireless Portable Wooden Bluetooth PA Speaker, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

No Foldable 40-60km Range Per Charge EEC Electric Scooter$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.1 Wheel Electric Motorcycle/One Scooter, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)High-Performance Frequency Converter/AC Drive 380V 50/60Hz. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Three Phase 380V Small Frequency Converter. Moreover,Hot Sale High Performance Vector Frequency Converter 380V 45/55kw, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Single/Three Phase 220V 380V Vector Control Frequency Converter, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Frequency Converter with SVC and Vf Control 380V 50/60Hz), maintenance (Electric Motorcycle ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Factory-Enginneered Veneer Ash in 0.30mm), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Small Frequency Inverter 380V 50/60Hz, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,China Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter 1.5kw. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.1.2mm White Poplar Veneer From Factory for Exporting-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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