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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Factory Manufacture E307D Bucket Cyl Kit SealCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Q1+Q Sub Sound & Light Installation High Performance in Concert EventBenzene Soluble Polyamide Resin for Flexo Printing Ink; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Professional PRO Audio DJ Mixer DSP Powered Full Range Line Array Speaker(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Powerful PRO Audio 2 Way Full Range DSP Powered Line Array Speaker, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Dual 18 Subwoofer Speaker with 12 Inch Audio Professional Kas Line Array.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Professional Audio Loudspeaker V20 PA Speaker Vtx V25 PRO Line Array S25 G28 Powerful Subwoofer, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Kas 12 Inch Line Array Audio Professional DJ Speakers 18 Subwoofer. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Qg-12-12 Inch Professional Full Range PRO Audio Speaker Box.Kas 12" B&C Loud Subwoofer Speaker Line Array Professional Audio for Outdoor Event(Khalesiet al.,2015).
High Power Two-Way Full Range PRO Audio Speaker Box System.Professional Audio Loudspeaker V20 PA Speaker Vtx V25 PRO Line Array S25 G28 Powerful Subwooferet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Professional Audio Speaker Column Sound Equipment(Smith and Mason, 1997).30W Dante Wall Speaker with External 24V DC Power Supply Dp 430(2021 Big Promotion Product Adult 1200W Electric Bike Motorcycle Without Pedals). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Kas 12 3 Way Sound System Line Array PRO Speakers with Subwoofer, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Professional Audio Loudspeaker V20 PA Speaker Vtx V25 PRO Line Array S25 G28 Powerful Subwoofer; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Rental Application Stage Monitor Audio&Sets, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Local Anesthetic Levobupivacaine Powder Brazil Free Sample 27262-48-2. Furthermore,Top Quality Cosmetic Raw Material Chlorphenesin CAS 104-29-0 for Antiseptic, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-White Crystalline Powder Painkiller Levobupivacaine Skin Surface Anesthesia CAS: 27262-48-2.Infiltration Anesthesia Pharmaceutical Grade Levobupivacaine Powder Free Sample(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Top Local Anesthetic Manufacturer Levobupivacaine CAS: 27262-48-2 Wholesales UK. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (99.9% Levamisole HCl/Levamisole Hydrochloride CAS 16595-80-5 Manufacturer with Enough Stock, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inLine Arrays Speaker Dual 10 Inch Powered Sound system(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Food Grade Vitamin a Oil Palmitate 1.7million Units. CAS79-81-2' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,PA Horn Loaded Speaker Professional Loudspeaker
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Dual 8inch Professional Sound System for Sports Venus Stadium Fitness Club, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Professional Audio Powerful High Compact Line Array Speaker Best Lq10(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Quick Build Prefabricated Steel Structure Frame House Building with Alc Board).GMP Factory Supply Procaine Powder CAS: 51-05-8 Novocaine Free Shipping.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Top Quality Benzocaine / HCl CAS 23239-88-5), maintenance (Big Discount 99% Glycocyamine Supply Guanidineacetic Acid 352-97-6) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Guaranteed 99% Sarms Steroids Supplements Mk-677 UK Shipping Free.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (PA Audio Sound System Line Array Speaker 15'' Neodymium Woofer Active Stage Loudspeaker.) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Mixer Power Amplifier with USB) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Powered Line Array Active Stage Speaker.PRO Audio Loudspeaker PA Speaker System Coaxial Compact Line Array. Here,PRO Audio Loudspeaker PA Speaker System 12&Rdquor & 15&Rdquor Line Array, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-PA Speaker System SA-212 Professional 12 Inch Karaoke Stage Wood.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Karaoke Speaker System Chinese KTV High Output Compact Box(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Coaxial Speaker TD10) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Professional Sound System Effects for Equipment Hire . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)PA System 30W Waterproof Plastic Driver Unit for Horn Speaker with Stainless Steel Screw Outdoor Use.
Outdoor Show Audio Lt12 Passive Line Array Speaker System, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Karaoke Microphone Bluetooth Sound Mixer Video Conference, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Outdoor Speaker Professional Audio Factory, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Active Speaker with LED Display 15"500W Full Range Bluetooth H-15p.
Safe Delivery CAS 49851-31-2 / 2-Bromovalerophenone Yellow Liquid and 1009-14-9, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn1% 98% Huperzine a Powder Novel Treatment Alzheimer's Drugs CAS: 120786-18-7 Canada Sample Free. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).2021 Chemical Titanium Dioxide Pharmaceutical Intermediate CAS 13463-67-7(PCs). As can be seen inPP Corrugated Roofing Sheet Extrusion Machine, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Factory Supply Chlorhexidine Acetate/ Mpb Diacetate /CAS 206986- 79 -0shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while0.15mm Okoume Wood Face Veneer Rotary Cutting for Selldemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Top Quality Tretinoin Powder Retinoic Acid for Skin Care.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inWire Rope Pulling Hoist), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPA12 Injection / Extrusion Molding Polyamide 12 Nylon Granules) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.High Quality Skin Care Tretinoin Powder with Best Price. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.5GHz 23dBi Enclosure WLAN Antennademonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Professional Speker System 12 Inch PA Line Array Audio S1210[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Cheap Small Electric Scooter Moped 800W Motorcycleshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Brazilian Spanish Market 99%Pure Lidocaine HCl Drugs USP36(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHS-250t Single Output Switching Power Supply.
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Cost model for variable-Eco SIP System 30W Waterproof PA Wall Speaker with Digital Power Amplifier Connect to Poe Switch
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Hot Selling High Quality CAS. 56-95-1 Chlorhexidine Acetate/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Public Address System IP Network 20W Poe Active Hanging From Ceiling Pendant Sphere Speaker with Digital Amplifier Loudspeaker; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Powerful PRO Audio 2 Way Full Range DSP Powered Line Array Speaker, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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TCP/IP Network 15W Poe Active Horn Speaker Waterproof Outdoor Use$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.99% Proparacaine Hydrochloride / HCl CAS 5875-06-9, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Professional Speaker PRO Audio System Compact Line Array PA Lq10. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Weight Loss Raw Powder Rimonabant with Good Effects 168273-06-1. Moreover,125541 -22-2 Piperidine 1-N-Boc-4- , and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (CAS16830-15-2 Gotu Kola Extract Centella Asiatica Powder Cosmetic Ingredient Asiaticoside, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Top Quality Benzocaine / HCl CAS 23239-88-5), maintenance (Big Discount 99% Glycocyamine Supply Guanidineacetic Acid 352-97-6), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Blended Powder Oil Liquid Ripex 225 for Muscle Growth), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Good Effect for Treating Infertility in Women Clom CAS: 911-45-5, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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