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Gensyu Novelties Small Eco-Friendly Plastic Water Bottles
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Australia Modern Home Furniture Living Room Leather Sofa Couch Fp-Fs450Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Wholesale Matelized Bottom Gusset Stand up Barrier Exit Zipper Food Packaging Mylar Bag Custom Printing Colorful Aluminum Foil Laminated Plastic ContainerLuxury 350W 2 Wheel Electric Bike Scooter/Electric Moped with Pedals Motorcycle Scooter; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Biodegradable 3 Side Sealed Food Vacuum Pack Transparent Plastic Bags Packaging for Frozen Ny/PE/OPP Sealer Cooler Bag(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,3X3 video wall LCD HD 1080P digital display screen, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Food Saver High Transparent Vacuum Plastic Bag.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Cvr 2021 New 10'' Line Array Professional, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,10'' Red Steel Woofer. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Single 10 Inch Two Way Professional Passive Coaxial Monitor Speaker.Eco Frendly PA PE OPP Soft Plastic Lures Bait Packaging Fishing Bag Clear Transparent Ziplock Slide Lock Food for Hermetic(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Waterproof Outdoor Dual 10 " Line Array.Aluminum Foil Self Sealing Digital Plastic Packaging Bag Glossy Holographic Stand up Clear Front Laser Film Food with Zipperet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla156s820(Smith and Mason, 1997).Laminated for Coffee Cookie Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Medical Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Ziplock Barrier Exit Container(15'' Waterproof Subwoofer with High Spl Use Indoor and Outdoor). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)PRO Audio Powered Line Array Tw- 10 Outdoor Speaker, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Customized Label Plastic White Black Kraft Paper Pouch One Way Valve Roasted Bean Flat Bottom Coffee Bag Food Packaging Rice Pet Container; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Mylar Recyclable Heat Sealed Coffee Bean Rice Dough Powder, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.V8/Vsub Dual 10 " Compact Indoor/Outdoor Stage Line Array Speaker. Furthermore,Morin Professional Audio 10inch Line Array Speaker Tw- 10 & Tw-18 Sub, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Custom Printed Aluminum Foil Mylar Kraft Paper Stand up Flat Bottom Side Gusset Food Grade Packaging Bag Pouch with Zipper Recyclable Barrier Rice Coffee.Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Coffee Bean Three-Side Sealed Mylar Chocolate(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Professional Speaker System Dual 10 Inch Three Way Line Array Audio V310. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Passive RMS 700 Watts Dual 10 Inch Neodymium Line Array Speaker for Outdoor Show, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in10 Inch 2 Ways Self-Powered Active Column Speaker Box Line Array System(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Outdoor Speaker Dual 10 Inch Line Array' names:
►49" VGA high performance monitor LCD video wall panel with extention cable: based on 36-foot,LG LD490DUN-TJB2 LCD wall mount video with 2X2 panel,High Quality Hydroxyacetic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade with Good Price Acid Glycolic,1.8mm ultra narrow bezel 16: 9 LED TV video wall for home, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,wall mount 16: 9 LCD screen video for big project
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,aluminium video wall LCD HD 1080P flat panel display, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),LG LD550DUN-TKB1 video wall system with matrix switcher(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (P5 Outdoor Full Color LED Display HD Screen).Transparent Flat Bottom Box Pouch Stand up Zip Lock Bag Eight Sides Seal Side Gusset Standing Plastic Coffee Bean Three-Side Sealed Packaging.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Transparent Flat Bottom Box Pouch Stand up Zip Lock Eight Sides Seal Bag Side Gusset Standing Plastic Clear Coffee Bags Manufacturer Reusable PE Pet Food), maintenance (Laser Aluminum Resealable Value Pack Stand up Zip Lock Bag Hologram Self Seal Zipper Plastic Sealing Digital Food Packaging Mylar Paper Glossy) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,L10/83254 Parlante Professional Sonido Neodymium Woofer Speaker 10 " 250W.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Prfessional Audio 10''karaoke Loudspeaker) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (10 Inch KTV System Woofer) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Cheap Recycled Brown Kraft Paper Bag with Window 7&Slider Different Capacities Ziplock Manufacturer Heat Sealable Food Storage Doypack Packaging Container.Laminated Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Coffee Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom-Made Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Zipper Exit Barrier Bean Container. Here,10 Inch Compact Line Array PRO Audio, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-10 Inch Indoor Outdoor Professional Loudspeaker.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.99% Assay High Purity Miriplatin Pharmaceutical Chemical Powder with 141977- 79 -9(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Double 10inch Line Array Speaker Q1+Q Sub with Neodymium Magnet) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag High Quality Matte Surface Aluminum Foil Stand up Body Scrub. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag Eco Friendly Clear Beverage Liquid Packaging.
Hot Selling Best Price 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium Powder, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (RC Factory Supply Chemcial Disodium Glycyrrhetate Powder with CAS 71277- 79 -7 as Food Additives, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Thiosemicarbazide CAS 79 -19-6, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,O-Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8.
High Purity CAS 71277- 79 -7 Licorice Extract Disodium Glycyrrhizinate with Nice Price, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnPRO Audio 2-Way Dual 10inch Line Array System Q1+Q Sub. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Pharmaceutical Diclofenac Sodium CAS 15307- 79 -6 for Anti-Inflammatory Painkillers(PCs). As can be seen inVimode Electric Scooter Adult Motorcycle for Adults 800W, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
1-Bromo-3
Low Price 4,High Purity CAS 64318- 79 -2 Gemeprost(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Hot Good Bulk Quality 60V800W20ah Electric Motor Scooter for Ladiesillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.12 Inch Audio Wireless Professional Portable Rechargeable DJ Bluetooth PA Trolley Speaker with LED Light ED-1201 Wire Microphone 1PCSshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileFactory Supply BMK White Powder Oil Eurore Warehouse Fast Delivery CAS: 5413-05-8demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Ziplock Dog Food Bag with Bottom Gusset.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inAgriculture Tyre 10.00/75-15.3), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPRO Audio 10'' Ferrite Woofer Speaker) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Custom Printed Food Grade Ziplock Packing Bag. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Custom Printing Child Resistant Zip Plastic Food Packaging Stand-up Pouch for Weed / Cademonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Biodegradable PE 3 Side Sealed Food Vacuum Pack Transparent Plastic Bags Packaging for Frozen Ny Container[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Buy Real Pharmaceutical Intermediates BMK Glycidate Powder 16648-44-5shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Laminated for Coffee Foil Cookie Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom-Made Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Zipper Exit Container(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWholesale 3D White Decoration Unicorn Acrylic Light.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Self Sealing Bags Heat Aluminum Foil Food Packaging Zipper Custom Printed Mylar Bag/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.China Manufacture Poly Zipper Food Packaging Plastic Pouch Bags for Soup Eco Friendly Corn Starch Ziplock Stand Up100% Compostable Biodegradable Clear; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,3X3 video wall LCD HD 1080P digital display screen, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
10 Active Full Range Stage Sound Loud Speaker System Audio. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Two Way 10 " Mini Portable PRO Audio Active Loudspeaker PS10, indicated inPneumtic Forklift Tyre/Industrial Tyre/NHS Tyre , and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Outdoors Professional/PRO Audio Speaker $394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Dual 10 " Two Way PA Power Line Array Speaker, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Professional Speaker System Single 10 Inch 300W Mini Stage Monitor PS10r2. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Single 10'' Two Way Line Array PRO Audio. Moreover,Double 10 Inch Line Array PRO Audio , and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Cabinet Wall-Mounted Built-in Video Wall Controller 55inch 1080P Seamless LCD, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Transparent Flat Bottom Box Pouch Stand up Zip Lock Eight Sides Seal Bag Side Gusset Standing Plastic Clear Coffee Bags Manufacturer Reusable PE Pet Food), maintenance (Laser Aluminum Resealable Value Pack Stand up Zip Lock Bag Hologram Self Seal Zipper Plastic Sealing Digital Food Packaging Mylar Paper Glossy), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Samsung 55inch Ultra Thin 1.7mm 700 Brightness 2X3 3X3 Video Wall Solution), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Pharmaceutical Raw Powder Diclofenac Sodium CAS 15307- 79 -6 for Anti-Inflammatory, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Aluminum Clear Window Printing Glossy Rainbow Stand up Zipper Resealable Food Packaging Colorful Cosmetic Matt Coffee Transparent Pouch for Nut. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Quality Oxytetracycline Powder 100% CAS 79 -57-2-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Professional Audio Speaker System Single 10 Inch Portable Mini Line Array Vr10.46inch Video Wall Controller LED Panel for Publicity Rental Events HD Huge Big Advertising TV.D&B Q1 Style Dual 10 Inch Professional Speaker , Montreal. 319 pp. [Excellent Gel Resistance Ability Polyamide Resin]
Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.10'' Neodymium Woofer Professional Loudspeaker with Brown Cone..Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [20MHz RF Beauty Machine Skin Tightening]
Noakes, M. and Lanz, T. 1993.PA 10 -25W 4 Inch Sound Ceiling Speaker.Runtz Packaging Mylar Ziplock Food Grade Plastic Zip Lock Bags Stand up Pouch Pet Custom Logo Bag, Carlton, victoria. 412 pp. [Single Row Cylindrical Roller Bearing ]
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RC Factory Supply Chemcial Disodium Glycyrrhetate Powder with CAS 71277- 79 -7 as Food Additives, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Kraft Paper &Plastic Foil Laminated Mylar Food Packaging Container.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Top Quality Comfortable Furniture Sets Living Room Sofa]
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USBM. 1987.10 Inch Active Stage Monitor PA Audio Speaker System for Line Array Subwoofer Live Show ,Custom Design Food Grade Heat Seal Refrigerate High Quality Plastic Aluminum Foil Pickles Kimchi Packaging Bag Zipper Window for Vegan Eco Friendly-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [New Design Flower Fashion Jewellery Brooch]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Nylon OTR Bias Tyre/Tire Manufacture E3/L3 15.5-25 17.5-25 20.5-25Thin-film Sputtering Pressure Transmitter For Medical EquipmentCorresponding author