GENERAL PAPERS

Wilson Parts Eim Module Engine Interface Control 258 -9753Cost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla155p273Wholesale Colorful Customize Printing Food Grade Water Proof Skin Patches Small Aluminum Foil Packing Bags with Zip Lock; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla154p332(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla154pn006, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.High Quality Nickel Alloy Monel 400 .

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Tsp Trisodium Phosphate/ CAS No.: 7758- 79 -4/Anhydrous/Na3po4, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Disperse Violet 63. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Skycron® Disperse Violet 1/2R 100% Fabric Dye for Polyester.Disperse Red 11 or Brill Pink 4bn(Khalesiet al.,2015).

94% Sodium Tripolyphosphate STPP CAS No: 7758- 79 -4.Skycron® Disperse Violet 63/RL 200% Color Dye For Clotheset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Mars Solar 30000 W PV System Grid Tied Inverter 30000W Easy Install 30kw on Price(Smith and Mason, 1997).Flame Retardant Ammonium Polyphosphate (2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Pigment Violet 23 Liquid, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Asapp-II Ammonium Polyphosphate for Intumescent Paints ; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Water Treatment Softener Dibasic Sodium Phosphate 97% Powder CAS No.: 7558- 79 -4, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Indissolvable Ammonium Polyphosphate CAS No. 68333- 79 -9. Furthermore,Sodium Phosphate Dibasic CAS No 7558- 79 -4, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Detergent Grade Sodium Tripolyphosphate 94% CAS No: 7758- 79 -4.Boring Machine Tools Micro Head F1type CNC Heads Set(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Straight Shank Collets C16 C20 C25 C32 Collet Chuck for Power Milling. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (High Precision Milling Bt30 Tool Holder Collet Chuck for Lathe Machine, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag Eco Friendly Clear Beverage Liquid Packaging(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;94% Sodium Tripolyphosphate STPP CAS No: 7758- 79 -4' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Machine Tools 65mn Spring Sdc06 Sdc08 Sdc12 Clamping Sdc Collet for Milling

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla148p591, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Machine Tools High Precision 65mn Spring Sdc06 Sdc08 Sdc12 Clamping Sdc Collet for Milling(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (11oz Promotional Strengthen Porcelain Mug with Lid of Mkb016).Diesel Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160pn141.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Perkins Genuine Oil Filter Head CH11579 Fits CH10929 for Engines Generating Sets Parts), maintenance (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel System SD265 Nozzle) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Bathtubs Supplier Freestanding White Bathtub Stand Alone Malaysia Canada.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Vat Violet 13) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Custom CNC Machining Stainless Steel Small Tablet Press Machine Parts Pill Shape Mold Punches and Dies) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Solvent Violet 9 .CAS 81-48-1 Solvent Violet 13 for Dyestuff Powder. Here,Inconel X-750 Forged/Forging Round Bars , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Factory Price Hot Selling Massage Swimming Pool SPA.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Laswim Swim SPA Endless Swimming Pool Whirlpool Bathtub(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Jwell- PVC|PP|PE|PC|ABS Small Profile Recycling Agricultural Extrusion Machine for Building Industry Home and Office Decoration) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,HDPE Plastic Geomembrane Sheet Making Extrusion Machine. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Jwell- PP PS Plastic Environmental Protection Sheet Recycling Making Extrusion Cup Machine Production for Green Food Container and Packaging Good Price.

Uns No6600 Inconel600 Steel Plate, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Alloy C276 Hastelloy Nickel Pipe ASTM B622 ASME Sb622 Uns N10276., Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Alloy Inconel 625 Nickel Strip , R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 148pn306.

Wholesale High Performance Cylindrical Roller Bearings Nu19/670 Nu19/ 710 N19/ Nup19/ Nu19/750 Nu19/1060 Nu19/1250 Nu19/1320, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnOriginal Hot Selling NTN Timken Koyo SKF Taper Roller Bearing 512/630m 512/630/So 5692/670 572/ 710 5692/800 5692/950 /Auto. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Perkins Engine Spare Parts Fan Belt Gasket - Cylinder Head Seal Cyl Cover 403D-11g 403A-11g1 403D-15g 403A-15g2 404D-22g 080109134 111147491 U11996410(PCs). As can be seen inTwo Way 10 " Mini Portable PRO Audio Active Loudspeaker PS10, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.CCD Auto Identification Positioning Laser Marking Machine for PCB/3c/IC Chips/Electronic Small Devicesshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileDiesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla140s64fdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Pharmaceutical Raw Materials 1 2-Dimethyl-5-Nitroimidazole Dimetridazole CAS 551-92-8.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHeart Star Wing Diamond Nail Art Small Sticker), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromRosen 35kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Fast Delivery High Purity Benzaldehyde 100-52-7. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Mc4 Connector Combiner Box with 600V MCB for off Grid Solar Systemdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Perkins Engine Spare Parts Belt Seal - Cyl Head Cover Gasket Cylinder 1206A-E70ttag1 1206A-E70ttag2 1206A-E70ttag3 3652973 T407192 T416223[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Lady Scooter Motorcycle 2.5 16 Tire Custom Bikeshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Swimming SPA Pool Hot Tub Combo(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inSwamp Track Shoes for Caterpillar Komatsu Dozer Undercarriage Spare Parts.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Rofessional 21 Speed Mountain Bicycle 26 Inch New MTB/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Perkins Genuine Cyl Head Assy ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla154pn006, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Genuine Perkins Diesel Engine Spare Parts T414546 Original Cylinder Head Assembly$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Jwell  PP Corrugated Roof Sheet Extrusion Machine, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Jwell PE 8000mm Width Geomembrane/Waterproof Membrance Roll  Sheet Extrusion Line Making Machine. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Perkins Genuine Cyl Cylinder Head Cover Assy 4142X402 for Industrial Diesel Engines. Moreover,Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T9755n Multicolor Interference Effect, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Alcohol Benzene Polyamide Ink Resin, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Perkins Genuine Oil Filter Head CH11579 Fits CH10929 for Engines Generating Sets Parts), maintenance (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel System SD265 Nozzle), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,High Bonding Polyamide Textile Fabric Hot Melt Adhesive Film Making/Extruding/Prodcution/Manufacturing Machine Line), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T9315n Multicolor Interference Effect, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Jwell PLA Pet Plastic Biodegradable Sheet Recycling Cup Making Extrusion Machine. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8867n Multicolor Metal Effect-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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