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Channing Space Saving Design Single Whirlpool Hot Tub SPA Massage Water Jetted Jacuzzi Bathtub
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Se0/Fsc/ Carb Naf 18mm MDF BoardCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Softel CATV House Amplifier Gain Forward Max 30 dB with Return Path 5-65MHzProfessional Sound System Effects for Equipment Hire ; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Gain 30dB 1 Output CATV House User Amplifier with AGC(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Softel 24 Channel Optional RF Fixed Analog Modulator, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Cummins diesel engine 4918416 inline 5 diagnostic tool datalink adapter.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Solar Energy System 3kwh Power Home Built in Inverter, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,High Quality 3kwh Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Automatic Thermostatic Vulcanizer for Sale .BMW N63 S63 Camshaft Alignment Tool Set (Khalesiet al.,2015).
Gy6 -125 Spark Plug Cap OEM Quality Motorcycle Parts.2021 High Quality Marine 1400W Hybrid Power Inverter Solar System Portable with 3kwh Lithium Batteryet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Cone Top 1 Liter Glue Usage Tin Can(Smith and Mason, 1997).Motorcycle Scooter Rear Clutch Assembly for Gy6 -90 Engines(250ml Round Linseed Perilla Seed Oil Tin Can with 28mm Flip Top Cap). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Motorcycle Parts Speed Cable for Gy6 -150, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Powder Metallurgy Hot Press Sintering Furnace; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Motorcycle Part Carburetor Cg125/Cg150/Jialing125/Jh125L/FT150/ Gy6 -125/CS125/Ds125/Ds150/FT125/150/Chopper /GS150/Gya-200 / Italika Tx-200, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Cheap Popular Pattern 3.00-18 Motorcycle Tyre. Furthermore,Strong Corrosion Resistance High Overload Pressure Sensor, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-300cc Triciclo Con Cabina.Three Wheel Trolley Tube Type Tire 90/90-18(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.High accuracy stability Monocrystalline Silicon Pressure Transmitter. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Discount High Strength 90/90-19 Motorcycle Tyre/Tire, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inLine Array Horn of Professional Audio 170L*160W*140h 1" (InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;New Pattern Best Price 110/90- 17 Motorcycle Tire' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Chinese 300cc Cheap Farm Gas Trike
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,3.00- 17 Super High Quality Natural Rubber Motorcycle Tire., blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Thin-film Sputtering Pressure Transmitter For Medical Equipment(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Factory selling direct delivery fast Baby disposable diaper with the lowest price).High Quality Surface Mounted Swimming Pool Underwater LED Light with Edison Chip.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Ophthalmic Ultrasonic Pachymeter and Biometer), maintenance (2D Echo Color Doppler Ultrasound Scanner Diagnostic Equipment) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,2021 New Arrival Malaysian Eyebrow.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (18" Remy Hair Lace Front Closure Natural Color Body Wave) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (250ml 500ml 750ml 1L Fancy Small Cooking Oil Tin) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.2D Echo Color Doppler Ultrasound Scanner.Ready to Ship Best Quality Brazilian Human Hair Body Wave Extensions. Here,8-30inches Malaysian Straight Hair Bundles 100% Human Weaves, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Ophthalmic Biometer &Pachymeter .
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.New Cooling Fast Racing Motorcycle 400cc 250cc Efi System 150km/H(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Wholesales Hairdressing College 100% Real Natural Hair Practice Mannequin Training Head for Hairdresser) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,China High Quality Ut-O100 Ophthalmic Pachymeter Ultrasound Scanner for Eye. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Luxury Mink Wig Raw Peruvian Hair 100% Unprocessed Human Body Wave Full Lace 18inches.
50cc EEC Motorcycle Scooter Efi Moped, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (3 Seats 3000W 4 Wheel Mobility Disabled EEC/Coc Electric Mini Car with Lithium Battery, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
50cc/125cc Euro 5 Certificate Gas Scooter Motorcycle Moped Efi , R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Zhenhua New T5 300cc Motorcycle Efi.
EEC Efi Racing Motorbike Motorcycles 125cc, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnMotorbicycle with Efi Fuel Supply and Steel Tube Frame. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).High Speed Kawasaki Ninja Motorcycle 250cc(PCs). As can be seen in5GHz 34dBi Dish WLAN Antenna, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Electric Smart Cargo Car Tricycle 800W 40km/H Long Running Range,Mini electric truck/ express vehicle/ Express vehicles(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Factory Wholesale Tx3 S905X3 Quad Core Bt 4.1 Great Arabic 64bit 4GB 64GB TV Box Androidillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.11 Kw Synchronous Motor Close Loop Inversor AC Drives VFD Frequency Inverter Powershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileStc-12kw/15kVA Three Phase AC Electric Generator on Saledemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Bost Motorcycle Parts Accessories Air Filter for 2-Wheel 4-Stroke Gy6 -125 -150 Bikes.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inBlue Carbon Solar Flood LED Light High Brightness 5 Years Warranty), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from150cc Gy6 Engine Automatic ATV Sports Quad Bike) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.EEC L2e 1500W 3 Wheel Enclosed Electric Cabin Scooter. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Jwell TPU Matt Cast Film Machinedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,M7 Model LHD&Rhd EV with Solar Panel Pure Electric Car[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Grid Tied 5kw Residencial Solar Energy System Home Power 5000W Panelshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.50cc Monkey Bike Gasoline Motorcycle Euro4 Efi(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inAffordable off Grid Solar Power System Mount 50000 Watt.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Electric 4 Wheelers Cars 800W 50km/H Mini Old Man Tricycle /min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.2021 New Products Motor Power 800W Electric Trolley Tractor; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Softel 24 Channel Optional RF Fixed Analog Modulator, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Motorcycle Engine Spare Part Dipstick for Scooter Kymco Gy6 -60$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.1L 1.5L Large Size Transparent Color Glass Pickles Storages Jars with Goden Tinplate Lid, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Motorcycle Plane Bearing Spare Parts for Gy6 125-Oumurs. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.1L Aluminum Tin Can for Food Packaging . Moreover,1L Cone Top Tin Can with Screw Cap, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Gy6 -125 Motorcycle Spark Plug Cap Parts, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Ophthalmic Ultrasonic Pachymeter and Biometer), maintenance (2D Echo Color Doppler Ultrasound Scanner Diagnostic Equipment), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Mining Cement Stainless Steel 316L Protective Pressure Sensor), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Scooter Parts, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.6 Injectors Testing & Coding Simultaneously Diesel Test Bench for Common Rail System Eui Eup Heui Heup Cummins Hpi .110/90- 17 Used Tubeless Second Hnad Motor Tire/Tyre.3kwh LiFePO4 Battery with 5 Years Warranty, Montreal. 265 pp. [Audio J812 Loudsspeaker Line Array PA System Speaker Plan Three Way Dual 12 Inches PRO Sell]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Anti Explosion High Stability Sealed Pressure Sensor.Best Price 2021 New Product 3kwh Home Solar System for Outdoor Use.3kwh LiFePO4 Battery with 5 Years Warranty, Montreal. 319 pp. [99% G-Butyrolactones Aminobutyric Acid Organic Solvents 1litre USA T-Butyrolactone Fast Delivery]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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