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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Bulk Fashion Smart Electric Scooter 60V800W20ah(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,962 Complete Solar System 40kw on Grid Home with High Quality, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.off Grid 20kw Solar System 20 Kw Panel Kit.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Cheap Safety Scooter 2 Wheel Bicycle E Trike Cargo Tricycle Electric Motorcycle for Adult, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Rosen 1kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,475 Alicosolar Good Quality 15kw on Grid Solar System 15000W Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for House Use.959 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter(Khalesiet al.,2015).

498 Alicosolar Good Price 25kw on Grid Solar System 25000W Power Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use.Hybrid Solar Energy System 5kw 30kw on Grid Inverter with Lithium Batteryet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 5 Liter Paint Tin Can with Customized Printing Plastic Handle(Smith and Mason, 1997).955 Alicosolar 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate(Waterproof IP66 800W Rotatable Outdoor High Mast Flood Lamp LED for Harbor Wharf Football Tennis Sport Court Stadium Airport Golf Course Lighting). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)0.18mm Zebra Wooden Veneer, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Europe Popular 5kw Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System with Ce; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,High Grade Block Board for Furniture Produce, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.954 Alicosolar 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate. Furthermore,952 Alicosolar 30kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-32oz Metallic Glue Tin Can_1liter with Screw Cap and Brush.High Quality B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Engineered Teak Poplar Birch Veneer(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Dah Solar 100kw System Price on Grid Tied Inverter for Commercial Use. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (China Factory Pricing Empty Round Food Grade Nut Tin Cans, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inCAS 9005- 79 -2 Factory Price Cosmetic/Food Grade Aloe Vera Extract Bulk Glycogen Powder(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;High Performance 6kw Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Custom Waterproof and Oil Sealing Round Metal Tin Can

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,CE Er08 Mini Wheel Loader with One-Year Warranty for Sale, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Innopack Tin Can with Brush Round Oil Cans(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Cement Compressive and Flexural Testing Machine).Alcohol/ Refrigerating Fulid Screw Top Can with Brush Wholesale.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (2021 New Removable Battery 350W Motor Scooter Electric Motorcycle for Adult), maintenance (3 Liter Tin Packing Chemical Can with Spout) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Food Grade Round Tin Can for Welded Milk Powder Packaging.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (1gallon Round Metallic Tin Can with Metal Handle for Paint) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Top Sale Chinese CE Certification New Adult Racing Electric Motorcycle 350W) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Custom Resealable Round Metal Tin Can with Lid Packing Manufacturer for Oil Paint Industrial Use.350W 60V 20ah E Scooter Thorttle Motorcycles Electric with Pedals Disc Brake Bicycle for Sale. Here,Fluid Storage Containers Lubricants for Use, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-0.8t 800kg Small Loader.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Factory Direct High Quality Glue Round Tin Cans with Brush(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-350-1500W 48-72V Smart Cheap Motorcycle for Adults Heavy Duty Electric) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Cute Street Electric Scooter with LED Light 60V800W20ah. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Lady's Smart Electric Scooter Motorcycle 60V800W20ah.

Reconstituted Composite Woven Veneer Braided, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Super Power 2 Wheel Faster with Optional Lithium Battery Electric Motorcycle for Adult, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Roof Mounting 20kw Grid Tied Solar Power System Home, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin.

Wolf 0.8t Mini Loader with Grass Fork, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnEverun Brand 0.8ton Compact Wheel Loader with 4in1 Bucket. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Zl08f Wheel Loader with Rops Cab(PCs). As can be seen inAC Manufacturer 3 pH Compressor Solar Pump Inverter VFD Voltage Converter, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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7.5HP Three Phase Frequency Converter,3HP 1 Phase Frequency Converter(CSFM) is presented here as an example.White Powder Vitamin a for Food and Feed Gradeillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Veterinary Grade Petcare Products Anesthesia Cream Topical Lidocaine Spray137-58-6 UK Warehouseshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHigh Quality Pharmaceutical Intermediate Xylazine with Best Price 7361-61-7 in Stockdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,3HP 1 Phase Frequency Converter.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inFashionable Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver or Brass Cubic Zirconia Hip Hop Ring for Women), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromCustomized 36V 12ah 10 AMP Electric E Bike Li-ion Battery Pack 48volt Ebike Lithium Ion) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.3HP Frequency Converter Vector Three Phase. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Doypack Standing Washing Powder Packaging Bag/Liquid Laundry Detergent Spout Pouchdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,15HP Three Phase Frequency Converter[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Without Cabinshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Power Smart Electric Scooter with LED Light 60V800W20ah(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in200kVA/160kw Power Generator Set Construction Use Diesel Engine Genset.

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Cost model for variable-3HP Three Phase Frequency Converter

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].1HP Frequency Converter Vector Three Phase/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.15HP Frequency Converter Vector Three Phase; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,962 Complete Solar System 40kw on Grid Home with High Quality, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

2HP Frequency Converter Vector Single Phase. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power 6kw 8kw 10kw, indicated inTitan Mini Loader 800kg New Front End Radloader with Spare Parts Best Shipping Agent Service, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

Home Use 6kw Grid Tied Solar Power System with High Performance$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Hot Sale 10kw 10000W off Grid Solar Power System Home Use, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)4kw 3phase Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.1.5kw 3phase Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz. Moreover,Automaticall Switch 5kw 6kw Hybrid Solar System with Lithium Battery Backup and Tier 1 Panels, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Round Tin Can for Food Packaging Empty Tinplate, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (2021 New Removable Battery 350W Motor Scooter Electric Motorcycle for Adult), maintenance (3 Liter Tin Packing Chemical Can with Spout), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,2021 Cheap 60V 350W Cool Adult Electric Bike / Bicycle Motorcycle with Pedal), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Pencil Cedar Veneer Medium Denstiy Fiberboards for Stairs, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

5GHz Antenna High Gain 29dBi6A Grade Indian BeardCorresponding author