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Wholesale Bulk Organic Alcohol Based Hand Sanitizer Gel 75%
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Crystal Nitrogen 21% Agricultural FertilizerCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Blue Masterbatch for FilmLG LD490DUN-TJB2 LCD wall mount video with 2X2 panel; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Yellow Color Plastic Masterbatch(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Yellow HDPE Masterbatch, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Universal LPG Gas Completed ECU Conversion Kit.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Act Best Seller CNG LPG Gas Car Emulator, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,CNG/LPG Rail Injector Type Gas 4 Cylinders. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Act MP 48 ECU Switch/Act 2568d Switch.Fuel Gas Cylinder ECU 2568d Map Sensors(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Motorcycle Act 2568d 6cyl 8cyl ECU Conversion Kit.Auto Vehicle Gas Conversion Kit CNG Seqential Injection Kitset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for PRO Audio 2-Way Dual 10inch Line Array System Q1+Q Sub(Smith and Mason, 1997).Electric Pipe End Bevelling Machine(Growatt 80kw 70kw 60kw 50kw Grid Tied Solar Inverter Max 80ktl3 LV Three Phase for Commercial 1MW System). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)T-Electric Pipe Bevelling Machine , Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Pneumatic Pipe Beveling Machine High Performence; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Act CNG LPG Fuel System 2568cyl ECU Kits, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Factory Directly Sell Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets /Polyamide 12 Resin for Oil Cup. Furthermore,Plastic Green Color Masterbatch, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-4 Cyl CNG Auto Gas LPG Conversion Kit / Sequential Injection System.3cyl 4 Cyl 6cyl 8cyl LPG/CNG Injector Rail(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.L Auto Gas LPG Conversion Kit / Car 4 Cyl Sequential Injection System. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (High Quality Diesel Engine Parts 4 Cyl Pump Rotor Head 096400-0371, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inMaterial Handling Equipment Manual Hand Pallet Jack(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Diesel Engine Parts Injection System Nozzle Dnopd619' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Plastic Purple Color Masterbatch
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Plastic Grey Color Masterbatch, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Free Sample Color Masterbatch ABS PE Non Toxic for Injection Molding(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Easy Clean Operation Room Hospital Homogeneous Vinyl Flooring).Cosmetic Grade Liquid Form 70% CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Health Raw Material Dibasic Sodium Phosphate CAS No.: 7558- 79 -4 with High Quality), maintenance (Cosmetic Raw Material 99% Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,ISO and SGS Factory Provide L-Arginine Nitrate 749- 79 -33.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (High Quality Gentisic Acid CAS No.: 490- 79 -9 with Fast Delivery) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Factory Provide Top Quality L-Carnitine Fumarate 99% 90471- 79 -7) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Health Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS No.: 90471- 79 -7 with High Quality.Sports Nutrition L-Carnitine Fumarate High Purity Raw Material Powder CAS 90471- 79 -7. Here,Best Price Bulk Powder Retinyl Palmitate 79 -81-2, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Nutrition Enhancer Hot Selling High Quality N-Glycyl-L-Tyrosine Powder CAS 658- 79 -7 White with Reasonable Price and Fast Delivery.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Health Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS.: 90471- 79 -7(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla152sm043) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla156sm139. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 152sn924.
Auto Engine Diesel Parts Fuel Injector Common Rail Nozzle Dlla162p2266, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla156s820, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Tws Bluetooth Earphones with Charging Cases Wireless 5.0 Earbuds Headphones for iPhone, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150sn902.
Tws Sport Headset Stereo Headphone Earphone with Charging Box Black, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn3D Stereo Sound Mini Headphone Built in Microphone & Dual Speakers for Phone Calls. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).New Products Charging Case Mini Small Headphones Tws Earbuds Wireless 2021(PCs). As can be seen inFactory Supply High Quality Ademetionine 1, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.High Quality 1L 32oz Amber Glass Bottle in Stockshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePopular hot selling 0.8ton mini wheel loader/ front end loader with bucket on saledemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,PA12 Injection / Extrusion Molding Polyamide 12 Nylon Granules.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in22 Gauge Zinc Galvanized Corrugated Steel Roofing Sheets), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromBest Chinese Big Wheel Electric Motorcycle Racing Bike Adult Bicycle) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets/Resin Equivalent with Tr90 for Glasses Frame. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.New Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx1020demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Raw Material Plastic Resin Pellets Polyamide PA12 Medical Grade Transparent Nylon Granules[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Aj-Bmd500 New Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Hot Sales! ! Polyamide Nylon PA12 PA Plastic Granules for Injection Grade(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inPre-Dispersed Rubber Chemicals Masterbatch CAS No. 9035-99-8 S-80.
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Cost model for variable-2021 Hot Selling Good Performance Transparent PA12 Granules / Ployamide 12 for Commercial Installation
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Yanmar Fuel Shutdown Solenoid 1503es-12s5suc12s/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Transparent Nylon Grilamid PA -7290 Material a Kind of Amorphous PA12; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Yellow HDPE Masterbatch, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Ce Certification Plastic Water Bottle Use Yellow Masterbatch. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets /Polyamide 12 Resin for Sliding Mechanism, indicated inATV Scooter Motorcycle High Quality Parts, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Hot Selling PP PE Masterbatch Yellow$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Professional Carbon Black Masterbatch Factory for Rubbish Bag, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)PE Green Color Masterbatches Supplier in China. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Sample Free Calcium Carbonate Filler Masterbatch for Film Injection. Moreover,Good Quality Food Additive Maltose Powder 69- 79 -4, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Pharmaceutical High Purity Peptides Powder CAS No. 113- 79 -1 Argipressin Acetate, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Health Raw Material Dibasic Sodium Phosphate CAS No.: 7558- 79 -4 with High Quality), maintenance (Cosmetic Raw Material 99% Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Good Taste Maltose Sugar Hot Selling Price 69- 79 -4), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Best Price Creatinol-O-Phosphate , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160sn567. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160s325n507-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Khalesi, M. R., Zarei, M. J.,Blue Masterbatch for Film, A. R., Khoshnam, F., and Chegeni, M. H. 2015. Development of a techno-PA12 Resin Suppliers Glass Fiberpolyamide 12 Nylon Granules.Minerals Engineering,vol. 81. pp. 103-108. [250CC Go Kart ]
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Mular, A.L. 1982.904L Uns N08904 SUS890L 1.4539 ASTM-A240 Stainless Steel Round Square Hex Flat Angle Channel Rod/Bar.Hot Sale Five Star Hotel Standard Soaking Oval Shaped Size Whirlpool Bathtubs Standing Alone Acrylic Bathtub #S014.1.4828 S30900 309 0cr23ni13 Uns DIN JIS SUS309 Stainless Steel Round Pipe Tube, Montreal. 265 pp. [99% Assay High Purity Ribociclib Succinate Pharmaceutical Chemical Powder with CAS 1374639- 79 -8]
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Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150s506.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [PA Speaker Dual 8 Inch PRO Audio Professional Line Array 18inch Passive/Active Powered Subwoofer]
Noakes, M. and Lanz, T. 1993.ASTM A276 Uns N08904 904L Stainless Steel Plate.Stainless Steel 17-4pH , Carlton, victoria. 412 pp. [60V/72V 1200W Electric Scooter with Tianneng Battery]
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Prasad, L. 1969.Uns N26055 Nickel Alloy Welding Inconel Stainless Steel Wire.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla140s64f, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Montreal. pp. 3-15. [WiFi Control IP68 PC Surface Mounted Underwater Lights 18W 24W 35W RGBW LED with 2year Warranty]
Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla156s820, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 149s715.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Sapelli Plywood]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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